Parasites World

In which worm development is prolonged and/or the rate of development is low but can be complete(Kassai 1999)

The migration of larvae of a parasite into sites not typically found in the life cycle. This frequently occurs in accidental hosts

Parasites that, cant be transmitted from human to human and are seen in human unusually(e.g. Multilocular cyst,Angiostrongylos ,Toxocara)

Nonliving ; used primarily for the nonliving parts of ecosystems, or of the environment in general

In which only retarded and incomplete development occurs(Kassai 1999)

The developmental stage of an acanthocephalan parasite in which the larva develops definitive organ systems, that occurs between the acanthor and cystacanth stages

Thorny headed worms,Spiny headed worms;Members of the Phylum Acanthocephala,elongated worms with an armed ,retractile,oval or cylindrical proboscis,separate sexes ,lacking alimentary tract

The stage of acanthocephalan parasite which hatches from the egg,that in fact its the first larval stage

 Pesticide that destroys ticks and mites. Common examples includes the organophosphorus compounds, the synthetic pyrethroids, and the carbamates

(e.g. Fasciola ,Dypilidium,Trichinella in Human)

(Pleural: Acetabula)A muscular organ of attachment,commonly called a” sucker” ,usually associated with the scolex of cestodes/
Cuplike suckers in cestodes

In Cestodes,when the adjoining anterior and posterior borders of proglottids do not overlap ;
Or when Scolex does not overlap its junction with Stobila

Having severe clinical signs or short course(Noga 2000)

Alcohol-Formalin-Acetate,Fixing agent,combination of: Ethanol 70 percent , Formaldehyde , Acetic acid
For Cestodes ,sometimes is used for Fixation of samples

Thin cuticular projection or fin,or thickened wings of Cuticle,running longitudinally, usually lateral or sublateral on the body,frequently paired and Narrow or Broad.Cervical,Caudal or Lateral types exist
-Cervical Alae confined to anterior end
One in e.g. Toxocara canis ,Three in e.g. Physocephalus sexalatus
-Caudal Alae: They are seen on the posterior end of only the Male sex. e.g.  [...]

Please check under : AFA

Lethal to algae(Noga 2000)

A term, not regulated by the Code, for a designated specimen of opposite sex to the holotype(ICZN)

Having two opposed sets of female reproductive organs,one extending anteriorly and the other posteriorly to the vulva(Anderson 1974)(e.g. Dichelyne(Cuculanellus)sciaenidicola(Nematoda:Cucullanidae))

Pair of glandular sensory organs situated laterally in the cephalic region and opening through the cuticle(Anderson 1974)

In Cestodes,in some of the species, the gravid proglottids are not shed from the Strobila and the eggs are released in another way,in this type of cestodes Pygidium is always the last proglottid in the strobila

Condition of Blood,having less than the normal number of Red blood cells,or less than the normal quantity of Haemoglobin
In Parasitology,some parasites can induce Anemia in their hosts
e.g. Nematodes: Haemonchus in Cow and Sheep
Trematodes:        Fasciola in Cow and Sheep

Deep, transverse grooves occuring at regular intervals in the cuticle giving the body a segmented appearance(Anderson 1974)

The intervals or rings of cuticle,between the annulations(Anderson 1974)

Loss of appetite

Total lack of oxygen(Noga 2000)

Before Death

End Openning of the gastrointestinal canal to out environment,can have various places in Nematodes(Terminal,Subterminal(Streptocara formosensis(Nematoda:Acuariidae))

Polar complex of secretory organells in Sporozoan protozoa            (Leventhal 1989)

Having no open spiracles,in some of the insects

In Cestodes,Premature detachment of proglottids in some species ;or release of the terminal Gravid progglotid,that after degeneration will release the eggs;
Compare with Anapolysis

Ornamentation of the cuticle,sometimes present on the ventral surface in front of the cloaca on the coiled part of the posterior extremity of the Male(Anderson 1974)

Prolonged and temporary inhibition or cessation of Nematode larval development in the host at the L3 stage(e.g. Ancylostoma ,Trichostrongylus)
or at Early L4 stage(e.g. Haemonchus ,Ostertagia,Cyathostomum,Obeliscoides)
or at Immature Adualt stage(e.g. Dictyocaulus)

Another way of Reproduction,beside Sexual reproduction
In this way there is no need for existence of Two separate sexes
e.g. Tetrathyridia of Mesocestoides corti reproduce by this way

Connections between two or more animals like: Phoresis,Commensalism,Symbiosis,Mutualism

Originating or formed in the place where found; Indigenous

Reinfection by a parasite derived from within the host and which is not exposed to the outside environment

In flagellates, an internal fibril arising from a blepharoplast and passing through the cytoplasm. An axoneme may leave the body of the flagellate with a small sheath of cytoplasm to become a flagellum or run along the surface of the body lifting the periplast(cell membrane)to form an Undulating membrane

A rod-like structure that gives rigidity to the bodies of some flagellates ,e.g. Trichomonas spp.

A red basic dye

A modification of the hypodermis ,consisting of the longitudinal rows of columnar cells that have pore-like opening to the surface of the cuticle,occurring in Trichuroidea (=hypodermal glands of some Authors(Anderson 1974)

A non-vibratile form of ciliary lining of the intestine(Anderson 1974)

Cuticular inflations in the cephalic region assuming a swollen bandshape immediately posterior to the lips(=head bulb of some Authors)(Anderson 1974)

A device for extracting Nematodes larvae from soil or litter in which the organisms are forced to move downwards by heat or light until they fall into a vial of preservative.
Its also used for extracting Arthropodes from Soil and Litter samples

A Sticky Mounting Medium,
In Cestodes ,Its usually used for studing the Scolex of cestodes

A cell having two nuclei

Any process that uses Microorganisms,Fungi ,Green plants,Parasites or their enzymes to return the environment altered by contaminants to its original condition.
In Parasitology ,This event naturally done by some parasites inside the hosts
e.g. Some Nematodes in Fishes (Ref : Azmat ,R. et al. ,2008),that can be sensitive indicator of heavy metals in Aquatic ecosystems

Having Two series of Segments
For Arthropods,having Two branches,is used for describing the Appendages,
e.g. in Crustaceans the Second Antenna is Biramous
Compare with Uniramous

Fluid-filled cavity in metacestodes of some Cestodes
e.g. in some Trypanorhyncha, Tetraphyllidea and Cyclophyllidea

A small granule-like body,usually appearing  in cytoplasm ,from whcih the axoneme arises/
The basal body origin of Flagella which supports the undulating membrane in Kinetoplastid Flagellates(Leventhal 1989)

Thick layer of fat under the skin of sea mammals such as whales, which keeps them warm(Cambridge dictionary)

Small ,round or oval,blister-like inflation of the cuticle(Anderson 1974)eg.Bosses in Gongylonema spp at the Anterior region,
Nematodirus Bursa region
Desportesius invaginatus Cuticular bosses
Loa loa has more modest bosses

Pleural for Bothrium.Please check under Bothrium

Pleural for Bothridium.Please check under Bothridium

In Cestodes,In Trypanorhynchs one of the dorsoventrally paired subapical outgrowths of the scolex,ear-like or elongated in shape,  either sessile or pedicellate ,whose musculature is contiguous with the general musculature ,and generally very mobile but rarely capable of a firm grip because of its shallow cavity and lack of suckers or subcompartments

In Cestodes,a form of sucker ,that resemples a groove in scolex,they are two longitudinal dorsal and ventral
e.g. In Pseudophyllidean ,like in Diphyllobothrium latum

or Submandibular oedema,A symptom of some parasitic infections in Ruminants (e.g. Acute Haemonchosis,Ostetagia in cow,Oesophagostomum,Chronic and Subacute Fascioliasis)
It is also a sign very typical of Johne’s disease in cattle

Slowly multiplying intracellular Trophozoites(e.g. Toxoplasma gondii) ,Form cysts in immune hosts(Leventhal 1989)

Slower-growing forms of Toxoplasma gondii that eventually form acid-resistant cysts

Anterior enlarged portion of the buccal cavity wiht heavily sclerotized walls(Anderson 1974)

 Poterior part of muscular oesophagus ,generally swollen,containing a valvular apparatus(Anderson 1974)

Modified caudal ala  or alae found in males of some nematodes ,may be circular or oval ,often divided into two symmetrical or asymmetrical lateral lobes, separated by a dorsal lobe and supported by rays or papillae(Anderson 1974)

Its a detergent that helps lyse the cell membrane, however it is pretty poor with denaturing proteins so something with a longer tail is usually used for extraction (WikiAnswers)

General ill health and malnutrition(Noga 2000)

Its a chemicl compund.Sodium Cacodylate is used as a buffering agent in the preparation and fixation of biological samples for Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM)
e.g. for TEM on Cestodes

A blind diverticulum or pouch from the intestine(Anderson 1974)
A sac-like extension of the intestine that is open at only one end,seen in Nematodes and Arthropods

Also: Canada turpentine,Balsam of fir,is a turpentine which is made from the resin of the balsam fir tree (Abies balsamea)
For Cestodes specially,for making permanent slides,at the final stage ,after dehydration,the stained worm is placed on the canada balsam, and then the coverslip is placed on them

Oesophago-intestinal valve(Anderson 1974)

A host harboring a parasite but exhibiting no clinical signs or symptoms(Leventhal 1989)

Type of Secretory glands
In Parasites , they exist in Male sex of Acanthocephalans ,close to Testes ,Structure , Number , Form and Arrangement of them is important in Taxonomy
They secrete a substance which seals the Genital opening of the Female worm after copulation

Head papillae,Outer circle of four head papillae(latero-ventral and latero-dorsal) (Anderson 1974)

The free-swimming larva of a Trematode that usually has a tail(with different shapes) ,results from Sporocyst or Redia(in intermediate Molluscan host) and changes to Metacercaria in the next host

The most posterior part of the body in metacestodes, separated from the anterior body part by constriction formed by circular muscle delimiting small cavity containing the orifice(s) of the osmoregulatory system.
The cercomer can be tail-like or form additional protective envelopes surrounding the remaining part of the body of the metacestode

Applied to structures connected with neck region             (Anderson 1974)

Subclass of Cestodes,
They have a 10-hooked Lycophora

Tapeworms,A class of worms,Usually having a elongated,ribbonlike ,segmented bodies

True Cestodes,
Having 6-hooked Onchosphere

An order in the Class Mammalia,cetus in Greek means whale,that includes Whales , Dolphins and Porpoises

Any animal belonging to Order Cetacea.The Order Cetacea belongs to Class Mammalia,Phylum Chordata,Kingdom Animalia,and includes Whales , Dolphines and Porpoises.

Wall of Cheilostom(Anderson 1974)

First portion of the stoma of a rhabditid-like nematode  (Anderson 1974)

Primitive ray-finned bony Fishes
e.g. Sturgeons that exist naturally in Caspian Sea,Danube River and USA

Persists for a long time(Noga 2000)

A type of muscle cell in which the muscle fibre completely surrounds the sarcoplasm(Anderson 1974)

Encircling the oesophagus(Anderson 1974)

Encircling the mouth (Anderson 1974)

A structure,from chitin like substance, in Cestodes ,something like the Spicule in Nematodes

Club-shaped(Anderson 1974),specially for Esophagi

The common chamber into which the intestinal and genital canals open(Anderson 1974)

Host specific parasites are known to go extinct with their hosts (Koh, L.P. et al 2004)
It seems that local extinction of parasites may actually precedes the extinction of their hosts ( Bush ,S. :China data)

Body musculature consisting of of cells of which the internal noncontractile part is well developed and protrudes into the pseudocoelom;The muscle fibers extend to the sides of the muscle cells for varying distances(Anderson 1974)

A larval cystic stage of a tapeworm containing an inner germinal layer producing multiple Scolices within a single cavity(e.g. Multiceps multiceps)

An Ornamentation in anterior part(usually Head region) of some  Nematodes(e.g. in Streptocara spp.(Nematoda:Acuariidae),Dichelyne spp. ,Cucullanus spp.(Nematoda:Cucullanidae)

An association of animals in which one uses food supplied in the internal or external environment of a host without affecting the host in any way(Rohde 2001)

An organism belonging to the same taxonomic genus as another organism(Answers.com),of the same genus

Abnormal accumulation of blood in a body part(Noga 2000)

Individual that is in the same species(Noga 2000);Of the same species

A large Class in Crustacea,they dont have Compound eyes and mostly only afew mm long.Some species are parasitic,for instance Fish louse for fishes
Some of them-like Cyclops-are intermediate hosts for parasites
e.g. Cyclops , Calanus

Living in Fecal matter

Coitus ; Sexual union between Female and Male sex in  organisms
having Two separate Sexes
e.g. Nematodes , Acanthocephalans ,Arthropodes

Modified caudal ala  or alae found in males of some nematodes ,may be circular or oval ,often divided into two symmetrical or asymmetrical lateral lobes, separated by a dorsal lobe and supported by rays or papillae(Anderson 1974)

Developmental stage in some Cestodes that is a ciliated hexacanth embryo;
e.g. Diphyllobothrium latum eggs develop to this stage and hatch in fresh water

Dorsal,ventral or lateral longitudinal thickenings of the Hypodermis(Anderson 1974)

In Nematodes,Longitudinal, cuticular cord-like thickening extending posteriorly from the mouth and may be straight,recurved or form loops,present mainly in the Spiruroid family Acuaridae(Anderson 1974),their Shape and Size is important in Taxonomy.They can be :
Anastomosing e.g. Desportesius spp 
Not-anastomosing , Recurrent ,Non-recurrent
Or even for a Collarette e.g.  Stegophorus

Species that are common and abundant,usually in a habitat or population

Or Leaf crown,Crown of bristles,
In Nematodes:The border of the labial region divided into a series of leaf-like structures,found in certain Strongyles.There may be two circles of leaf-like structures termed the Internal and External Corona(=Internal and External leaf crowns of some Authors)The number of elements is diferent among different nematodes( 6 in Deletrocephalus dimidiatus to 80  in [...]

Anterior end of the oesophagus often separated from the posterior bulb by the isthmus(Anderson 1974)

Cytochrome C Oxidase subunit 1

In Cestodes ,when the posterior border of a proglottid overlaps the anterior border of adjoining proglottid;
In Cestodes ,when Scolex overlaps at its junction withthe strobila often forming a Velum

Pertaining or relating to the Skin

Small Crustaceans living in the sea and freshwater habitats.
Some of them can be the intermediate hosts of parasites like Cestodes ,Nematodes ,..
e.g. Cyclops strenuus is the intermediate host of Dracunculoid Nematode Avioserpens spp containing the 3rd stage larvae of this nematode in its Haemocoel (ref: Moravec ,1990)

Intermediate stage of acanthocephalans in arthropods

In Cestodes , a type of larval stage (Metacestode) ,a Lacunate form with a Retracted Scolex

In Cestodes , a type of larval stage (Metacestode) ,a Lacunate form with an Invaginated Scolex

The rudimentary mouth(Leventhal 1989)

A host that harbores sexually mature stages of a parasite

A  pair of sensory organs found laterally in the cervical region and usually protruding above the surface of the cuticle(Anderson 1974)(e.g. Streptocara spp(Deirids have usually various number of teeth in this genus that is important in taxonomy))

With shape resembling Teeth

dNTP,is used in PCR,provides free nucleotides(for DNA) in PCR test,that are the building blocks of new DNA strand

Inflammation of the skin

A period of time in which Development and Activity is suspended or arrested and the body is Dormant
In Nematodes

With two sets of female reproductive organs(Anderson 1974)(e.g. Nematodes like : Synhimantus spp , Cosmocephalus spp)

Lysosomal-like organelle in Plasmodium parasites

Finger-like,
In Cestodes ,Type of Scolex shape , e.g. in Crescentovitus

Having Two separate sexes,adults are either Male or Female
e.g. Nematodes and Acanthocephalsn are Dioecious
In Cestodes,there are afew Dioecious species,e.g. Dioecocestus ,that is found in Birds

With two testes(Anderson 1974)

Occuring during the daytime

A tube or sac ,blind at distal end ,branching off from a canal or cavity(Anderson 1974)

Please check under: Dimethyl sulfoxide

Please check under: Deoxynucleoside triphosphate

A marine mammal,belongs to Order Cetaceans,Family Delphinidae,that includes about 17 genera and 4 species of them live in freshwater

An embedding agent
For Cestodes,worms are put in durcupan for making ultrathin sections-with Ultratome-for TEM studies

Bloody Diarrhea

Labored or difficult breathing(Noga 2000)

Moulting;Shedding of the Exoskeleton ;
The process of casting off the cuticle in the final stage of moulting (Ref. : Wall & Shearer,1997)

A parasite living on the surface of a host (Rohde 2001)

Displaced,
In Parasitology,parasite that is in Atypical location within its Host

Unusual excess fluid in tissue,causing swelling(Leventhal 1989)

A parasite living inside a host(Rohde 2001)

Way of replication that is used by some parasites like Toxoplasma gondii

Specialized ,ribbon-shaped ,paired bands of cuticle at anterior end(Anderson 1974)

A shallow or superficial loss of epithelium;shallower than an Ulcer(Noga 2000)

Abbr. etc. ;And other unspecified things of the same class; and so forth;and other things

External Transcribed Spacer,part of genome used for PCR

A colorless or yellowish aromatic liquid with spicy odor and taste, soluble in organic solvents, and extracted from clove oil; used in flavors, perfumes, medicines, and the manufacture of vanilla.
Its used for clarification of Cestodes too.

Capable of tolerating a wide range of salinity(Noga 2000)

Usually at the anterior part of Nematodes(at the level of Oesophagus end in Dichelyne(Cucullanellus)(Nematoda:Cucullanidae))

Abnormal protrusion of the eye(Noga 2000),its a sign of some diseases

 Median circle of six head papillae(dorso-dorsal,ventro-ventral,ventro-lateral) (Anderson 1974)

Not obligatory(Noga 2000)

A female hawk(Coles 2007)

Resembling filariae; threadlike;Used for a kind of esophagus of nematodes too

A host that harbores sexually mature stages of a parasite

Having the toes separated from one another, as in the feet of certain carnivorous mammals.
e.g. Bear , Dog ,Cat
Fissipedia is a Suborder of Carnivora including all land Carnivorous Mammals.

Formaldehyde solution, Fixing agent ,usually the 10 percent solution is used in Biology

Commercially available formalin solution is usually a 37 % or 40 % (weight / volume) solution. Its better to take this full strength solution to the field to reduce volume and to dilute it before use; For diluting the full strength solution is [...]

For Cestodes Hooks , Hook Handle longer than Gaurd and Blade , Gaurd as long or longer than Blade , thicker than Blade  ( Khalil, L.F. et al. , 1994)

Type of shape , Vertically elongate , longer than the width,that tapers toward each End

e.g. in Polymorphus spp (Acanthocephala)  Body is Fusiform

Grafenberg spot,the word was invented by Addiego et al. in 1981 after the german Gynecologist Ernst Grafenberg who hypothesized its existence in a paper published in 1950

A mature sex cell(Leventhal 1989)

Death of Tissue(Noga 2000)

Tactile papillae or setae in the anal region of the male which may be preanal,postanal or caudal in position(Anderson 1974)

In Parasitology,A good Temporary Mounting Medium,
Its used for Clearing the Nematodes and studing them better

In Cestodes,it exist on the tip of microtriches ,composed of mucopolysaccharide and glycoprotein acidic groups,has absorptive roles

Grass and cereal eating (Coles 2007)

Feeding on grain and seeds (Coles 2007)

An accessory male copulatory piece which is formed by sclerotization of the dorsal wall of the spicule pouch,variable in shape but generally with incurved margins(Anderson 1974)(Y-shaped in Dichelyne(Cucullanellus)sciaenidicola,Cucullanus orbignianus(Nematoda:Cucullanidae))(Timi 2006)
 In nematodes,A protuberance on the wall of cloaca. It apparently guides the spicule during copulation

Feeder on blood
Nematodes,some of them are haematophagous,  e.g. Ancylostoma
Trematodes, some of them are haematophagous ,e.g. Fasciola

Habit of feeding blood as the way of nutrition

The Space among the Organs of Organisms with open circulatory systems,it contains different types of cells and also Haemolymph
Often functions as a Hydrostatic skeleton
e.g. It exist in Most of Arthropodes and Molluscs

A set of alleles of closely linked loci on a chromosome that tend to be inherited together; commonly used in reference to the linked genes of the major histocompatibility complex.
In some nematodes like Habronema there exist some Haplotypes.

Posterior disk of a monogenetic trematode

Tactile sensory organs usally located on the lips or labial region,including two circles of six labial papillae and one circle of four cephalic papillae(Anderson 1974)Cephalic papillae,Externo-labial papillae,Interno-labial papillae

An animal that usually eat plants as food

Existence of both male and female reproductive organs in the same individual(e.g. Trematodes,Cestodes)

Derived from a different species(Kassai 1999)

For Parasites ,Having more than one Obligatory host in the life cycle
In Cestodes , e.g.  Raillietina tetragona

A tapeworm larva having six hooklets(Leventhal 1989)

Of, relating to, or being the zoogeographic region that includes the northern areas of the earth and is divided into Nearctic and Palearctic regions;including North america,Europe and Northern Asia

Having all the spiracles open,like lots of insects

The condition in which there is a narrow gap between the eyes;typical of male Diptera (Wall & Shearer 1997)

Cilia distributed evenly over the body;usually used for Protozoa

The single specimen (except in the case of a hapantotype, q.v.) designated or otherwise fixed as the name-bearing type of a nominal species or subspecies when the nominal taxon is established(ICZN)

Related to Man or Human

Derived from the same species(Kassai 1999)

A parasite living on or in another parasite, Parasite of parasite ;
A Parasite that its host is another parasite ,
e.g. Plasmodium in Mosquitoes , Cestodes metacestodes in Fleas
-Two species of Microsporidians have been reported as Hyperparasites of Acanthocephalans,i.e.  Microsporidium acanthocephali and M. propingui
-Microsporidian Unicaryon nomimoscolexi in Cestode Nomimoscolex spp (Ref. : Lom ,J. ,2002)

Abnormal increase in the number of normal cells in normal arrangement in an organ or tissue,which increases the organs or the tissues volume(Noga 2000)

Enlargement of an organ or its part caused by an increase in the size of its cells(Noga 2000)

Hemorrhage in the anterior chamber of the eye(Noga 2000)

Deficiency of oxygen,such as reduction of oxygen in tissues below physiologically required levels(Noga 2000)

Occurring without known cause(Noga 2000)

The impact factor is a measure of the frequency with which an average article in a journal has been cited in a particular year or period. The ISI impact factor of a journal for a particular year is calculated by dividing the number of current year citations in ISI SCIE journals to the source items [...]

Entirely;Totally(Noga 2000)

In Uterus,Inside the Womb

Observable in a test tube or other non-living system(Leventhal 1989)

Within the living body(Leventhal 1989)

All individuals of a particular parasite species occurring in an individual host(Kassai 1999)

Species inquirenda(pl. species inquirendae): A Latin term meaning a species of doubtful identity needing further investigation (ref: ICZN)

Using insects as food for nutrition

e.g. Meerkat

Cuticular outgrowth (neoformations)originating at the base of the lips or pseudolabia and extending between them, occurring in some Ascarids and Spirurids(Anderson 1974)/Present in Contracaecum spp and absent or have strong reduction in Phocascaris

ITS,part of genome used for PCR,its a commonly sequenced DNA region in helminths like Nematodes.It has two important types: ITS1 and ITS 2

Inner circle of six head papillae(Anderson 1974)

An appendage of distal portion of the oesophagus of some nematodes that goes anteriorly and has varying length(e.g. Contracaecum spp(Nematoda:Anisakidae),Dichelyne spp(Nematoda:Cucullanidae)

Large intestine

Small intestine

An Order in the Phylum Arthropoda, Subphylum Crustacea,Isopodes have 7 pairs of legs of similar size and form,they have biphasic moulting

Order of Insects,
including Termites

Middle part of a muscular oesophagus ,often constricted(Anderson 1974)

Please check under:  Internal Transcribed Spacer

or cleptoparasitism (literally, parasitism by theft) is a form of feeding where one animal takes prey from another that has caught, killed, or otherwise prepared, including stored food (as in the case of cuckoo bees, which lay their eggs on the pollen masses made by other bees). Kleptoparasitism is also the ’stealing’ of nest material [...]

Lobes or lips (primitively six)which surround the Mouth(Anderson 1974)

Present in Phocascaris (for differentiation:but doesnt exist in Contracaecum)

In Parasites , Exist in Acanthocephalans
Its made up of Two main channels and Numerous reticular or transverse anastomoses
Structure of lacunar system and Position of the main lacunae ( Dorsoventral or Lateral) are important characters in Taxonomy

Parasitism without obvious symptoms

Dormant or Concealed(Noga 2000)

=Corona Radiata,Please check under Corona radiata

Phylum: Annelida , Class: Hirudinea .Sometimes parasitic ,segmented worms with direct life cycle,several groups of them are blood sucking.Some of them can transmit Trypanosomes in Fishes.

In Cestodes,Early stage of development of some of them ,  with 10 embryonic hooks,  ciliated and thus adapted for swimming after emergence from the egg
e.g. Amphilinidea , Gyrocotylidea

In Cestodes , a type of larval stage  (Metacestode) , an alacunate form with an Invaginated Scolex

In Cestodes , The posterior portion of a divided Scolex . Consists of folds of tissue generally encircling or hiding the Suckers .
It either originates from the base of  scolex  , sometimes forming a sort of Collar , or from Folds of tissue between the Suckers   (Khalil , L.F.et al. , 1994)
e.g. Amphoteromorphus in [...]

(Pleural: Microtriches)Tiny projections on the tegument,they are unique to Cestodes and appear to be Ubiquitous among cestodes and exist on the Adult forms and earlier life cycle stages.
They have a Distal Electron-dense Cap and a Proximal Electron-lucent Base.
The boundary between Distal and Proximal portions is usually called Baseplate.
They differ in Size (Filitriches , Spiritriches) and Shapes [...]

Free-swimming larva of Digenetic Trematodes ,its Ciliated

With one set of female reproductive organs(Anderson 1974)(e.g. Desportesius spp)

Having both Male and Female Reproductive organs in the same Individual

A Class of Parasites,
They are usually Ectoparasites on Fishes,with Direct life cycle ,and  mostly Hermaphrodites ,but Gyrodactylids are exceptional and they are Viviparous
They are very Host specific , their Infective larva is called Oncomiracidium
e.g. Gyrodactylus ,Dactylogyrus , Nitzschia ,Diclybothrium

In Cestodes,type of Body Plan,
i.e. mature stage of worms lacking a cercomer, without internal or external proglottidization and with a Single set of reproductive organs
e.g. Caryophyllid cestodes (Order Caryophyllidea)

With one testes(Anderson 1974)

For parasites , Living in only one kind of Host in life cycle ; Having only one Host in the life cycle

In Cestodes,for type of Body

e.g. Amphilina ,parasitic in Body cavity of Sturgeons

In a dying state(Noga 2000)

The anterior opening of body and the first part of Digestive system
-In Nematodes,orientation of Mouth is mainly Terminal but some times:
Antero-dorsally: e.g. Ancylostomaoidea and Rictulorioidea(Pterygodermatites(Mesopectines) alphi)
Ventrally: e.g. Ichthyocephaloides dasyacanthus

Mitochondrial DNA

Of or designating the biogeographic region that includes the Arctic and Temperate areas of North America and Greenland

Roundworms;Cylindrical unsegmented body worms with separate sexes and a complete digestice system

Concentration of nervous tissue surrounding the Oesophagus(Mutafchiev 2009)
In Nematodes,its usually located around the muscular oesophagus and close to the anterior end

Position of an organism or population within an ecological community.
The particular area within a habitat occupied by an organism.There are some types for it like: Vacant ,Fumdamental ,Realised …

Please check under: Nucleoside triphosphate

NTP,is used in PCR,provides free nucleotides(for RNA) in PCR test

e.g. Toxoplasma gondii

A parasite that can not live apart from its host(Leventhal 1989)

Situated at opening between the oesophagus and intestine(Anderson 1974)

Situated at opening between the oesophagus and intestine(Anderson 1974)

Esophagus;Part of the gastrointestinal system that connects the mouth or buccal cavity to intestine.
In Nematodes usually has two parts,means Muscular anterior ,usually shorter,and Glandular posterior part,usually the longer part.
 

At the anterior end of the body(e.g. Cucullanus spp nematodes)(Moravec 1994)

Refers to slightly brackish water(between ~0.5 to 5 ppt salinity)(Noga 2000)

A single element of the Compound Eye(Wall 1997)

The motile ,first-stage larva of certain cestodes armed with six hooklets(Leventhal 1989)

Infective larva of Monogeneans ,
Its ciliated and can swim freely

An expansion of the oviduct surrounded by Mehlis` gland ,where egg shells are formed.
In Cestodes,Vitelloduct , Seminal receptacle duct and Ovarian duct all are connected to it

The bony covering of the gill(Noga 2000)

Uteri parallel directed posteriod(Anderson 1974)

An Order of Insects with incomplete Metamorphosis ,
including: Grasshoppers , Crickets and Locusts

Main reproductive organ in Female sex,that is connected to a uterus
-In Nematodes,there is one or two Tubular ovaries,rarely more,like:
Four : e.g. Polydelphis
Six  : e.g. Hexametra
Thirty two : e.g. Placentonema gigantissima
-In Cestodes,

Part of the female genital system between the end of the uterus and the vulva,modified to aid in the expulsion of the eggs(Anderson 1974)

A substance destructive to the ova of certain organisms, usually helminths and arthropods

An organism that lays  eggs(Woo 2006)

The organ used for laying eggs(Wall 1997)
In Nematodes, in Female sex

(Pleural : Ova) Mature gamete in Female that isnt Fertilized yet

Cylindrical anteriorly oesophagus,  terminating in a basal bulb(Anderson 1974)

Of or relating to the biogeographic region that includes Europe, the northwest coast of Africa, and Asia north of the Himalaya Mountains, especially with respect to distribution of animals;compare Nearctic

Paired segmented organs associated with the Maxilla (Maxillary Palps)and Labium(Labial Palps)(Wall 1997)

Swellings in different shapes
In Nematodes,classified as different categories e.g. Post-anal (Post-cloacal,Pre-anal(Pre-cloacal),that number of them is used in taxonomy.Maybe pedunculate or not

A transport host in which the larval stage of  a parasite undergoes no development and its only function is to transfer the parasite to the next host(Woo 2006)

Each specimen of a type series other than the holotype(ICZN)

Development from an unfertilized egg(Wall 1997)
Some parasites use this type of Reproduction
e.g. Strongyloides (Nematode)in parasitic life cycle

A fibrous or granular appendage to the uterus that usually receives the eggs and retain them in a common capsule with protective and(or) propagative functions

The ability to produce pathogenic changes(Leventhal 1989)

Specifically distinctive or characteristic of a disease or pathogenic condition(Noga 2000)

Abbreviation for Latin word: Plumbum. Lead

Its main function is to maintain the PH of a solution(Himanshu Goel),used in the first step of DNA extraction for washing the nematodes for instance

Please Check Under: Polymerase Chain Reaction

Having pedicel.Pedicel is a stalk like support
In Cestodes,some of them have Pedicellate Bothridia

Modified ,stalked ,genital papillae in anal region of male(Anderson 1974)

(Pleural: Penises ,Penes)External sexual organ of certain Male organisms that is used for Copulation and Urination both or only for Copulation

By the year;Annually

Through or by way of the anus,e.g. for administration of medications

Per person; Equally to each individual

Per day; By the day; For each day

(Abbreviation : P.O.)By Mouth,by the way of Mouth
e.g. For experiments on drugs, this method is used sometimes for giving the drug

Very acute(Noga 2000)

Inflammation of the peritoneum(Noga 2000)

A minute red spot caused by escape of a small amount of blood(Noga 2000)

A measure of (an index for) the acidity or alkalinity of a solution,commonly ir ranges from 0 to 14

Narrow ,posterior part of the buccal cavity with thick sclerotized walls(Anderson 1974)

Pair of glandular sensory organs situated laterally in the caudal region and opening to the surface by a slit or pore(Anderson 1974)

An association in which one organism uses another as a means of transport and/or protection(Rohde 2001)

Fin-footed mammals including Walrus , Eared seals ,Fur seals ,Seal lions ,Earless seals (true seals or crawling seals which one of them exists in Caspian sea,called Caspian seal ,Pusa caspica)

Having the habit for eating fish as usual food,Fish eating animal,Usually for Birds

Cuticular  “warts”  (Anderson 1974)

Body musculature consisting of cells not protruding individually into Pseudocoelom(Anderson 1974)

Cross striated  cuticular plates functioning as supports for the genital papillae in some males(Anderson 1974)

In Cestodes,a type of larval stage (Metacestode),an alacunate form with an Everted Scolex (Chervy ,2002)

In Cestodes,a type of larval stage (Metacestode),an alacunate form with a Retracted Scolex (Chervy ,2002)

Latin word for Lead.Abbreviation is: Pb
Chemical element

With more than two sets of female reproductive organs(Anderson 1974)

Its a standard procedure that can amplify a small amount of template DNA (or RNA) into large quantities in a few hours.
It has several basic components,namely:DNA , Taq polymerase  , Primers ,  Free nucleotides (dNTPs for DNA , NTPs for RNA) ,DMSO , Buffer , MgCl2

In Cestodes,condition of body in which the body is formed of Two or more Proglottids
Most of the cestodes are polyzoic

After death(Noga 2000)

Ventral,pre-cloacal structure ,sucker-like in form (Anderson 1974)

Sucker anterior to Cloac(e.g. Cucullanus)

Preferred site within the host which is characteristic for a parasite species (e.g. particular groups of skeletal musculature for larvae of Trichinella)(Kassai 1999)

Period before being evident(Noga 2000)

Elongated, Flexible organ in Acanthocepales/
A muscular ,protrusible feeding organ in Rhynchobdellid Leeches(Woo 2006)
Also an organ In certain Arthropods(Argulus)

In Cestodes,a type of larval stage (Metacestode),an alacunate form which can not develop further untill ingested by a second intermediate host,its without scolex ,usually caudate (Chervy ,2002)
e.g.

The first larval stage of many Cestodes which develop inside the body cavity of the invertebrate (First)intermediate host(Woo 2006)

Uteri parallel directed anteriod(Anderson 1974)

(Pleural: Proglottids)Each of the bead-like parts of cestodes body resembling each other

(Syn. Strobilation)The process of proglottis formation in Cestodes

Conspicuous spines seen on the pronotum of some fleas

Development of Male organe before Female organs, for avoiding Self- fertilization
e.g. In Cestodes ,Monogeneans

Ciliated excretory tubes that are specialized for Filtration and are part of Excretory system
In Acanthocephala ,some of them have Protonephridia

Second part of the stoma of a rhabditid-like nematode(Anderson 1974)

Some froms of projections  on the cuticle,with unknown function,sometimes referred as Excrescences.
e.g. Cone-shaped protuberances of Nilonema gymmarchi(Dracunculoidea)

Intense itching

A Prefix,  False or Not a real Structure but somewhat similar to it
e.g. Pseudocolelum ,Pseudobalb

Muscular swelling of the oesophagus without valvular arrangement(Anderson 1974)

An structure at the anterior end of the body(e.g. Cucullanus spp,Dichelyne spp(Nematoda:Cucullanidae))(Moravec 1994)

-In Nematodes,Its the space posterior to the Nerve ring,between the somatic muscles and the digestive tract.This space is fluid-filled which coats the Digestive tract and the Reproductive organs are suspended in it.
Pseudocoelum contains some cells named Coelomocytes,that are large Amoeboid cells with various number ,size and shape.
-Secretory or Phagocytic functions are  suggested for them.
It has an [...]

A cyst-like structure formed by the host during an acute infection with Toxoplasma gondii.The cyst is filled with Tachyzoites in normal hosts;may occur in Brain or other tissues.Latent source of infection which may become active if Immunosuppression occurs(Leventhal 1989)

A defective segment of DNA that resembles a gene but cannot be transcribed.
Nuclear Mitochondrial Pseudogenes or Numts: Nuclear sequences exhibiting a high degree of similarity with mtDNA sequences, exist in Mammals , Birds , Acanthocephalus lucii

 Or False lips,
In Nematodes,Cuticular outgrowths(neoformations)arising around the oral opening and which,during development, overlie and then replace the primitive lips.The anterior extremity of numerous Spirurida has two lateral pseudolabia(=probolae of some authors)(Anderson 1974)

A protoplasmic extension of Trophozoites of Amoebae that allows them to move and to engulf food(Leventhal 1989)

Type of external Segmentation that is False and does not correspond to Internal Segmentation
In Cestodes ,e.g. in Ligulinae subfamily (Ligula , Digramma)

An insecticide used for Flea control

In Cestodes, The first proglottid formed and last or oldest on the Strobila;
this proglottid contains the excretory pore

Type of Shape , Like a Pear
Some parasites have Pyriform bodies

In Cestodes,in Anoplocephalids,modification of the Embryophore assuming the shape of a pear, probably with protective and propagative functions

Genital papillae and their accompanying muscles embedded in the bursa of some males(Anderson 1974)

Ribosomal DNA

In Cestodes, for condition of scolex of Metacestode,
being withdrawn within the body of the metacestode (in a cyst) such that it keeps its definitive configuration (i.e., the scolex itself is not invaginated).
After reaching the definitive host, a metacestode with retracted scolex is excysted

Oesophagus consisting of two swellings,one forming the end of the corpus ,the other posteriorly forming the bulb.The region between the corpus and the bulb is known as the isthmus(Anderson 1974)

Raised cuticular areas which run the length of the body,very pronounced in some Trichostrongyloids nematodes (Anderson 1974)

Punctuations patterns of cuticle surrounding genital papillae (Anderson 1974)

(Pl.)Also referred to as Transverse ridges, have the appearance of wrinkled folds of Cuticle or raised annulations ,interrupted in the lateral fields and form incomplete rings around the body
e.g. Onchocerca (Filarioidea) female

Blood feeders(Woo 2006)

Feeding on decaying organisms(Wall 1997)

The first segment of the Antenna of Insects(Wall 1997)

In Cestodes ,The anterior end that is often modified for attachment or locomotion.It has a Rostellum at the apex that can have variable shapes with or without hooks.
In Trypanorhynchs it is complex and usually possesses 4 armed Tentacles projecting from the apex.

The sclerotized plate on the dorsal surface of Ixodid hard Ticks,also known as the Dorsal plate(Wall 1997)

Ornithology, Remaining or Living in one area, Not migratory

Scanning Electron Microscopy;A method used in helminthology,specially for studing Nematodes

=Receptaculum seminis,Storage reservoir for spermatozoa in Female worms
In Cestodes
In Nematodes,it can be present as a small swelling of each Uterus ,or the ovarial end of the uterus may do this function

An organ that stores sperm
In Nematodes,it exists in Male worms
In Cestodes , in some of them has two parts of Internal seminal vesicle and External seminal vesicle,that existence of one or both parts and their size (length and width)is important in taxonomy

A Latin term meaning “in the wide sense”(ref: ICZN)

A Latin term meaning “in the strict sense”. Often used in conjunction with a name when referring to the nominal taxon in the narrow sense of its subordinate nominotypical taxon(ref: ICZN)

A Latin term meaning “in the sense of”. Often used to refer to the usage of a name by a (cited) author in a sense different from that of the original author or some other previous author(ref: ICZN)

Without any Stalk,Attached directly at the base,
Like the eyes in some Crustaceans
In Nematodes,Used for Papillae(e.g. tail papillae in some Nematodes,e.g. Cosmocephalus podicipis)
In Cestodes,it is used for a Bothridium that is stalkless

A family of Nematocerous Diptera ,including the genus Simulium,known as Blackflies(Wall 1997)

Single-Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP, pronounced snip) is a DNA sequnce variation occurring when a single nucleotide —A, T,C or G  — in the genome (or other shared sequence) differs between members of a species (or between paired chromosomes in an individual).

For Cestodes Hooks,Hook Handle and Blade well developed ,one shorter or longer than the other
Gaurd rudimentary
Ventral Concavity between proximal part of Handle and Gaurd

Please check under:  Single-Nucleotide Polymorphism

Pleurocercoid in human tissue from accidental infection with Procercoid(Leventhal 1989)

Anything like a Spatula,means Flat , Expanded and Round apex
In Cestodes, Type of Scolex shape , e.g. in Lytocestus

 (Pl. Species inquirendae)A latin term meaning a species of doubtful identity needing further investigation  (ICZN) 

Sperm whale family (sperm whales)belonging to Class Mammalia including two Families of Physeteridae (Physeter :  Sperm whale) and Kogidae ( Koga sima : Dwarf sperm whale , Koga breviceps : Pygmy sperm whale)

Packet of Sperm that is usually transferred from one individual to another during Copulation

Sclerotized ,accessory copulatory organ of male nematodes ,usually paired but sometimes single(Anderson 1974)although some nematodes spp male sex doesn’t have any spicule(eg. Trichinella spp)

Projections on the cuticle with various Forms , Sizes , Rows(one,two or numerous) , Numbers, Locations
Restricted only to Cephalic region: e.g. Carnoya fimbriata
Tip of the Femail Tail:  Ancylostoma duodenale
Arranged in numerous rows: e.g. Podocnematractis colombiaensis
Existing in different regions of the body:  e.g. Buckleyatractis marinkelli
The points of spines may be Simple ,large and hook-like or divided into [...]

A phase in the development of an Apicomplexa in which the zygote initiates asexual reproduction and results in production of infective Sporozoites(Woo 2006)

A nucleated infective stage formed by division of the Sporont(Woo 2006)

Unable to withstand a wide variation in salinity(Noga 2000)

Also called Dissecting microscope,
a relatively Low power microscope,it can have a single fixed Magnification , several discrete magnifications or a Zoom magnification system
In Parasitology ,Specially for checking tickes , or checking the intestinal contents for small helminths

Glandular oesophageal cell not incorporated into oesophageal tissue(Anderson 1974),in nematodes(exist in  Trichinella spp)

Collection of stichocytes arranged in a longitudinal row(Anderson 1974)in nematodes

Fine transverse grooves occuring at regular intervals(Anderson 1974)
In Nematodes specially.e.g. Dentostomella (Oxyuroidea)

In Cestodes, The region of the worm posterior to the scolex ,or the body of the worm, that includes the proglottids

(Syn.  Proglottization)The process of proglottis formation in Cestodes

Slender ,cylindrical ,without bulb oesophagus(Anderson 1974)

(1) The species-group rank below species; the lowest rank at which names are regulated by the Code. (2) A taxon at the rank of subspecies(ref: ICZN)

In Male,ventromedian papillae anterior to Cloaca, as well as an adanal pair of Papillae in some Nematodes(Anderson 1974)

Any association between organisms(Parasitism,Commensalism,Mutualism,Phoresis) (Rohde 2001)

An association of organisms in which both partners benefit from the association and cannot live without each other(Rohde 2001)

Of populations of two or more species ,whose geographical ranges or distributions coincide or overlap

Type of tissue having Syncytium structure
e.g. Acanthocephalans body integument

Cellular structure formed by fusion of cell bodies but with retention of separate nuclei; so there are many nuclei but no cells boundaries

A method of reproduction in which two individuals (gametes) unite permanently and their nuclei fuse; sexual reproduction. A common form of reproduction in protozoa

The ensemble of enlarged longitudinal or oblique cuticular ridges which serve to hold the Nematodes in place on the gut wall,found in numerous Trichostrongylids(Anderson 1974)

In zoological nomenclature , synonyms are different scientific names that pertain to the same taxon , for example two names for the same species.
The first name to be published is the Senior synonym; any others are Junior synonyms .

Each specimen of a type series from which neither a holotype nor a lectotype has been designated. The syntypes collectively constitute the name-bearing type. (ICZN)

A family of Diptera,including the Horse flies,Deer flies and Keds(Wall 1997)

Fast-growing life stages of Toxoplasma gondii,that are converted to Bradyzoites(e.g. under various stresses in vitro)

Type of Arrangement , Tow or more objects or organs that are placed one behind the other
In Parasites , specially used for the arrangement of Testes in Acanthocephalans , Cestodes or Trematodes ,can be usable in Taxonomy
e.g.

It is a thermostable DNA polymerase named after the thermophilic bacterium Thermus aquaticus  from which it was originally isolated byThomas D. Brock in 1965.Its used in PCR.

The theory and practice of classifying organisms(ref: ICZN)

Please check under: Tris/borate/EDTA buffer.

Structures in Nematodes mouth(e.g. Ancylostoma spp),number of them is important in Taxonomy/Structures resembling to teeth in shape for instance on the Collarettes(e.g. in Streptocara spp)or on the Deirids(e.g. in Streptocara spp)

The absorptive body surface of Platyhelminths(Leventhal 1989)

Slightly sclerotized ,immovable formation of complicated shape in the ventral and lateral cloacal walls that also aid in directing the spicules during copulation (Anderson 1974)

Higher bony Fishes

Posterior part of the stoma of a rhabditid-like nematode(Anderson 1974)

Transmission Electron Microscopy ;A method used in helminthology, specially for studing Cestodes
In Cestodes is used commonly for studing Spermiogenesis

(Pleural : Testes)Main reproductive organ in Male sex
Number and Position-Arrangement(Anterior ,Posterior or Middle of body ; Tandem , Side by side) of them is important in Taxonomy
e.g. Two ,Side by side in Polymorphus spp

The infective stage of certain parasitic protozoa(e.g. Ichthyophthirius)(Noga 2000)

Dome-like,
In Cestodes,its a type of Scolex, e.g. Hunterella spp ,that occurs in Freshwater Fishes of Catostomidae Family

The dividing stage of certain parasitic protozoa(e.g. Ichthyophthirius)(Noga 2000)

A term, not regulated by the Code, for a specimen originating from the type locality of the species or subspecies to which it is thought to belong, whether or not the specimen is part of the type series(ref: ICZN)

A host that harbors sexually immature stages of a parasite that do not develop ;Vector,Often a blood-sucking insect(Leventhal 1989)

Flukes;Flattened ,nonsegmented worms with relatively simple digestive system , all hermaphroditic except the blood flukes(Schistosomatidae)

Narrow muscular tube with associated glandular stichosome made up of stichocytes(Anderson 1974)

One of the most common buffers used in Biochemistry and Biology labs.
Its used to buffer solutions from drastic pH changes

The attached ,fish-feeding stage of certain parasitic protozoa (e.g. Ichthyophthirius, Amyloodinium)(Noga 2000)

Reserve organ formed by the transformation of the Digestive canal,often appears to be Syncytial(Anderson 1974)

The motile stage of a protozoan which feeds,multiplies ,and maintains the colony within the host(Leventhal 1989)

A genus of flagellate protozoa (Zoomastigophorea,Kinetoplastida,Family: Cryptobiidae)with an undulating membrane,elongate kinetoplast that occurs as a parasite in the blood of Fishes and leeches act as vectors of some of the species,species including: T. borreli ,T. beckeri (vector:leech, Malmiana diminuta),T. bullocki (vector: leech, Calliobdella vivida),

Different in size(e.g. Spicules are usually unequal in Desportesius spp nematodes),level,amount,etc(Cambridge Dictionary)

A single series of segments ,attached end-to-end
For Arthropods,having one branch,is used for describing the Appendages,
e.g. Legs of Insects and Myriapods are Uniramous
        In Crustaceans the first Antenna is Uniramous
compare with Biramous

Producing only one generation per year,e.g.  Cephalopina titillator (Camel nasal botfly) is univoltine in Asian localities in Camels(Camelus dromedarius)

Pleural of uterus;More than one uterus

In Cestodes ,envelope surrounding single egg and situated externally to outer shell or aggregation of eggs and its origin is from uterine wall, either in gravid uterus or in environment

The Organ in Reproductive system of Female sex that keeps the Zygote and matures the Ova and eggs till full maturation.It has several shapes
In Nematodes ,

In Nematodes,Outer chamber of the Female genitalia,sometimes develops into an elongated muscular tube lined by cuticle and called the Vagina vera
In Cestodes,its like a tube with two parts,Vagina copularory and Vagina conductive

In Cestodes ,Thin overlapping membrane-like portion of a Bothridia
Posterior part of a proglottid at both lateral sides, overlapping subsequent proglottid

An structure that exist at posterior part of some Nematodes(e.g. Dichelyne spp(Ventral Precloacal Sucker),Cucullanus spp)(Alacros 2006)

Glandular modification of the distal portion of the oesophagus of some nematodes,may have a solid appendage of varying length extending posteriorly dorsal to the intestine(Ventricular appendix)(Anderson 1974)(e.g. Contracaecum spp)

Structure behind the mouth of some nematodes(e.g. Streptocara spp)

A visible Trace ,Evidence or Sign of something that was existed before but now doesnt exist or appear
e.g. Penes vestige in Females

Two or more closely related taxa, presumably derived from one another or from a common immediate ancestor, that inhabit geographically distinct areas,for instance for two different Cestodes

Yolk glands(Woo 2006)

Bearing of live young(Woo 2006)

Specimen giving proof for some statement/decision(Mutafchiev 2009)/a proof specimen retained as a reference

Swelling in skin caused by infection with larvae of Flies causing furuncular Myiasis(Wall 1997)

The lipid or waxy layer outside the epicuticle of some Arthropods(Wall 1997)

Infections with Trypanosoma cruzi may be diagnosed by allowing an uninfected Triatoma bug to feed on the patient(the bite is painless),the insects feces are later examined for parasites(Trypanosome forms)(Leventhal 1989)

A disease on animals that may be communicated to Humans(Wall 1997)

Animal-like organisms which float or drift almost passively at sea or in other large water bodies(Woo 2006)

The Fertilized cell(Diploid ) resulting from the union of male gamete(Spermatozoa) and female gamete(Ovum)