Glossary »
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| # | Word | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Aberrant Host: | In which worm development is prolonged and/or the rate of development is low but can be complete(Kassai 1999) |
| 2 | Aberrant migration: | The migration of larvae of a parasite into sites not typically found in the life cycle. This frequently occurs in accidental hosts |
| 3 | Aberrant parasite: | Parasites that, cant be transmitted from human to human and are seen in human unusually(e.g. Multilocular cyst,Angiostrongylos ,Toxocara) |
| 4 | Abiotic: | Nonliving ; used primarily for the nonliving parts of ecosystems, or of the environment in general |
| 5 | Abnormal Host: | In which only retarded and incomplete development occurs(Kassai 1999) |
| 6 | Abundance | Total number of parasite individuals in the Animal population divided by total number of Animals |
| 7 | Acanthella | The developmental stage of an acanthocephalan parasite in which the larva develops definitive organ systems, that occurs between the acanthor and cystacanth stages |
| 8 | Acanthocephalans | Thorny headed worms,Spiny headed worms;Members of the Phylum Acanthocephala,elongated worms with an armed ,retractile,oval or cylindrical proboscis,separate sexes ,lacking alimentary tract |
| 9 | Acanthor | The stage of acanthocephalan parasite which hatches from the egg,that in fact its the first larval stage |
| 10 | Acaricide: | Pesticide that destroys ticks and mites. Common examples includes the organophosphorus compounds, the synthetic pyrethroids, and the carbamates |
| 11 | Accidental Parasite: | (e.g. Fasciola ,Dypilidium,Trichinella in Human) |
| 12 | Acetabulum | (Pleural: Acetabula)A muscular organ of attachment,commonly called a” sucker” ,usually associated with the scolex of cestodes/ |
| 13 | Acraspedote | In Cestodes,when the adjoining anterior and posterior borders of proglottids do not overlap ; |
| 14 | Acute: | Having severe clinical signs or short course(Noga 2000) |
| 15 | ad hoc | For a special purpose, case or situation |
| 16 | AFA | Alcohol-Formalin-Acetate,Fixing agent,combination of: Ethanol 70 percent , Formaldehyde , Acetic acid |
| 17 | Ala(Pl. Alae) | Thin cuticular projection or fin,or thickened wings of Cuticle,running longitudinally, usually lateral or sublateral on the body,frequently paired and Narrow or Broad.Cervical,Caudal or Lateral types exist |
| 18 | Alcohol-Formalin-Acetic acid (AFA) | Please check under : AFA |
| 19 | Algicidal: | Lethal to algae(Noga 2000) |
| 20 | Allotype: | A term, not regulated by the Code, for a designated specimen of opposite sex to the holotype(ICZN) |
| 21 | Amman’s lactophenol | Temporary mount medium or for Clearing the worms |
| 22 | Amphidelphic: | Having two opposed sets of female reproductive organs,one extending anteriorly and the other posteriorly to the vulva(Anderson 1974)(e.g. Dichelyne(Cuculanellus)sciaenidicola(Nematoda:Cucullanidae)) |
| 23 | Amphids: | Pair of glandular sensory organs situated laterally in the cephalic region and opening through the cuticle(Anderson 1974) |
| 24 | Anagenesis | =Gradual evolution, also known as “phyletic change,” is the evolution of species involving an entire population rather than a branching event, as in Cladogenesis.(Wikipedia) |
| 25 | Anapolysis | In Cestodes,in some of the species, the gravid proglottids are not shed from the Strobila and the eggs are released in another way,in this type of cestodes Pygidium is always the last proglottid in the strobila |
| 26 | Anemia | Condition of Blood,having less than the normal number of Red blood cells,or less than the normal quantity of Haemoglobin |
| 27 | Annulations: | Deep, transverse grooves occuring at regular intervals in the cuticle giving the body a segmented appearance(Anderson 1974) |
| 28 | Annules: | The intervals or rings of cuticle,between the annulations(Anderson 1974) |
| 29 | Anorexia: | Loss of appetite |
| 30 | Anoxia: | Total lack of oxygen(Noga 2000) |
| 31 | Antemortem: | Before Death |
| 32 | Anus: | End Openning of the gastrointestinal canal to out environment,can have various places in Nematodes(Terminal,Subterminal(Streptocara formosensis(Nematoda:Acuariidae)) |
| 33 | Apical complex: | Polar complex of secretory organells in Sporozoan protozoa (Leventhal 1989) |
| 34 | Apneustic | Having no open spiracles,in some of the insects |
| 35 | Apolysis | In Cestodes,Premature detachment of proglottids in some species ;or release of the terminal Gravid progglotid,that after degeneration will release the eggs; |
| 36 | Area Rugosa: | Ornamentation of the cuticle,sometimes present on the ventral surface in front of the cloaca on the coiled part of the posterior extremity of the Male(Anderson 1974) |
| 37 | Arrested development: | Prolonged and temporary inhibition or cessation of Nematode larval development in the host at the L3 stage(e.g. Ancylostoma ,Trichostrongylus) |
| 38 | Asexual reproduction | Another way of Reproduction,beside Sexual reproduction |
| 39 | Associations: | Connections between two or more animals like: Phoresis,Commensalism,Symbiosis,Mutualism |
| 40 | Autochthonous | Originating or formed in the place where found; Indigenous |
| 41 | Autoinfection: | Reinfection by a parasite derived from within the host and which is not exposed to the outside environment |
| 42 | Axoneme(Rhizoplast): | In flagellates, an internal fibril arising from a blepharoplast and passing through the cytoplasm. An axoneme may leave the body of the flagellate with a small sheath of cytoplasm to become a flagellum or run along the surface of the body lifting the periplast(cell membrane)to form an Undulating membrane |
| 43 | Axostyle: | A rod-like structure that gives rigidity to the bodies of some flagellates ,e.g. Trichomonas spp. |
| 44 | Azocarmine | A red basic dye |
| 45 | Bacillary Band: | A modification of the hypodermis ,consisting of the longitudinal rows of columnar cells that have pore-like opening to the surface of the cuticle,occurring in Trichuroidea (=hypodermal glands of some Authors(Anderson 1974) |
| 46 | Bacillary Layer: | A non-vibratile form of ciliary lining of the intestine(Anderson 1974) |
| 47 | Ballonets: | Cuticular inflations in the cephalic region assuming a swollen bandshape immediately posterior to the lips(=head bulb of some Authors)(Anderson 1974) |
| 48 | Bathypelagic | Of, relating to, or living in the depths of the ocean, especially between about 1,000 and 4,000 meters (3,280 and 13,120 feet). |
| 49 | Beechwood creosote | Kind of Creosote resulting from high-temperature treatment of Beech, used as a disinfectant and as a treatment for cough before |
| 50 | Berlese funnel | A device for extracting Nematodes larvae from soil or litter in which the organisms are forced to move downwards by heat or light until they fall into a vial of preservative. |
| 51 | Berlese solution | A Sticky Mounting Medium, |
| 52 | Binuclear: | A cell having two nuclei |
| 53 | Bioremediation | Any process that uses Microorganisms,Fungi ,Green plants,Parasites or their enzymes to return the environment altered by contaminants to its original condition. |
| 54 | Biramous | Having Two series of Segments |
| 55 | Bladder | Fluid-filled cavity in metacestodes of some Cestodes |
| 56 | Blepharoplast: | A small granule-like body,usually appearing in cytoplasm ,from whcih the axoneme arises/ |
| 57 | Blubber: | Thick layer of fat under the skin of sea mammals such as whales, which keeps them warm(Cambridge dictionary) |
| 58 | Borax-carmine | Sometimes used for Staining of Schistosomes worms |
| 59 | Bosses | Small ,round or oval,blister-like inflation of the cuticle(Anderson 1974)eg.Bosses in Gongylonema spp at the Anterior region, |
| 60 | Bothria | Pleural for Bothrium.Please check under Bothrium |
| 61 | Bothridia | Pleural for Bothridium.Please check under Bothridium |
| 62 | Bothridium | In Cestodes,In Trypanorhynchs one of the dorsoventrally paired subapical outgrowths of the scolex,ear-like or elongated in shape, either sessile or pedicellate ,whose musculature is contiguous with the general musculature ,and generally very mobile but rarely capable of a firm grip because of its shallow cavity and lack of suckers or subcompartments |
| 63 | Bothrium | In Cestodes,a form of sucker ,that resemples a groove in scolex,they are two longitudinal dorsal and ventral |
|
64
|
Bottle jaw | or Submandibular oedema,A symptom of some parasitic infections in Ruminants (e.g. Acute Haemonchosis,Ostetagia in cow,Oesophagostomum,Chronic and Subacute Fascioliasis) |
| 65 | Bradyzoites: | Slowly multiplying intracellular Trophozoites(e.g. Toxoplasma gondii) ,Form cysts in immune hosts(Leventhal 1989) |
| 66 | Bradyzoites: | Slower-growing forms of Toxoplasma gondii that eventually form acid-resistant cysts |
| 67 | Buccal Capsule: | Anterior enlarged portion of the buccal cavity wiht heavily sclerotized walls(Anderson 1974) |
| 68 | Bulb | Poterior part of muscular oesophagus ,generally swollen,containing a valvular apparatus(Anderson 1974) |
| 69 | Bursa copulatrix(Copulatory bursa) | Please check under: Copulatory bursa |
| 70 | C-TAB: | Its a detergent that helps lyse the cell membrane, however it is pretty poor with denaturing proteins so something with a longer tail is usually used for extraction (WikiAnswers) |
| 71 | Cachexia: | General ill health and malnutrition(Noga 2000) |
| 72 | Cacodylate | Its a chemicl compund.Sodium Cacodylate is used as a buffering agent in the preparation and fixation of biological samples for Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) |
| 73 | Caecum(Cecum): | A blind diverticulum or pouch from the intestine(Anderson 1974) |
| 74 | Calcareous corpuscles | or Calcareous bodies,Exist in the Parenchyma of Cestodes , usually in Metacestode stage ,they are composed of different elements like Ca ,Zn,P , Mn ,Ni , …. |
| 75 | Canada balsam | Also: Canada turpentine,Balsam of fir,is a turpentine which is made from the resin of the balsam fir tree (Abies balsamea) |
| 76 | Canalis gynaecophorus | A Canal existing in Male Schistosomes |
| 77 | Cardia: | Oesophago-intestinal valve(Anderson 1974) |
| 78 | Carrier: | A host harboring a parasite but exhibiting no clinical signs or symptoms(Leventhal 1989) |
| 79 | Cement glands | Type of Secretory glands |
| 80 | Centipedes | Arthropodes (Phylum: Arthropoda, Class: Chilopoda) ; |
| 81 | Cephalic papillae: | Head papillae,Outer circle of four head papillae(latero-ventral and latero-dorsal) (Anderson 1974) |
| 82 | Cercaria: | The free-swimming larva of a Trematode that usually has a tail(with different shapes) ,results from Sporocyst or Redia(in intermediate Molluscan host) and changes to Metacercaria in the next host |
| 83 | Cercomer | The most posterior part of the body in metacestodes, separated from the anterior body part by constriction formed by circular muscle delimiting small cavity containing the orifice(s) of the osmoregulatory system. |
| 84 | Cervical: | Applied to structures connected with neck region (Anderson 1974) |
| 85 | Cestodaria | Subclass of Cestodes, |
| 86 | Cestode: | Tapeworms,A class of worms,Usually having a elongated,ribbonlike ,segmented bodies |
| 87 | Cestoidea | True Cestodes, |
| 88 | Cetacean | An order in the Class Mammalia,cetus in Greek means whale,that includes Whales , Dolphins and Porpoises |
| 89 | Cetacean: | Any animal belonging to Order Cetacea.The Order Cetacea belongs to Class Mammalia,Phylum Chordata,Kingdom Animalia,and includes Whales , Dolphines and Porpoises. |
| 90 | cf | An abbreviation for the Latin word confer, meaning “compare“. |
| 91 | Cheilorhabdion: | Wall of Cheilostom(Anderson 1974) |
| 92 | Cheilostom: | First portion of the stoma of a rhabditid-like nematode (Anderson 1974) |
| 93 | Chondrosteans | Primitive ray-finned bony Fishes |
| 94 | Chronic: | Persists for a long time(Noga 2000) |
| 95 | Circomyarian: | A type of muscle cell in which the muscle fibre completely surrounds the sarcoplasm(Anderson 1974) |
| 96 | Circumoesophageal: | Encircling the oesophagus(Anderson 1974) |
| 97 | Circumoral: | Encircling the mouth (Anderson 1974) |
| 98 | Cirrus-stylet | A structure,from chitin like substance, in Cestodes ,something like the Spicule in Nematodes |
| 99 | Cladogenesis | is an evolutionary splitting event in which each branch and its smaller branches forms a “clade”, an evolutionary mechanism and a process of adaptive evolution that leads to the development of a greater variety of sister organisms . |
| 100 | Cladogram | A branching treelike diagram used for illustrating Phylogenetic relationships |
| 101 | Claviform: | Club-shaped(Anderson 1974),specially for Esophagi |
| 102 | Cloaca: | The common chamber into which the intestinal and genital canals open(Anderson 1974) |
| 103 | Co-extinction | Host specific parasites are known to go extinct with their hosts (Koh, L.P. et al 2004) |
| 104 | Coelomyarian: | Body musculature consisting of of cells of which the internal noncontractile part is well developed and protrudes into the pseudocoelom;The muscle fibers extend to the sides of the muscle cells for varying distances(Anderson 1974) |
| 105 | Coenurus: | A larval cystic stage of a tapeworm containing an inner germinal layer producing multiple Scolices within a single cavity(e.g. Multiceps multiceps) |
| 106 | Colarette: | An Ornamentation in anterior part(usually Head region) of some Nematodes(e.g. in Streptocara spp.(Nematoda:Acuariidae),Dichelyne spp. ,Cucullanus spp.(Nematoda:Cucullanidae) |
| 107 | Commensalism: | An association of animals in which one uses food supplied in the internal or external environment of a host without affecting the host in any way(Rohde 2001) |
| 108 | Congener | An organism belonging to the same taxonomic genus as another organism(Answers.com),of the same genus |
| 109 | Congestion: | Abnormal accumulation of blood in a body part(Noga 2000) |
| 110 | Conspecific: | Individual that is in the same species(Noga 2000);Of the same species |
| 111 | Copepoda | A large Class in Crustacea,they dont have Compound eyes and mostly only afew mm long.Some species are parasitic,for instance Fish louse for fishes |
| 112 | Coprophagous | Having the habit of consuming Fecal materials as food |
| 113 | Coprozoic | Living in Fecal matter |
| 114 | Copulation | Coitus ; Sexual union between Female and Male sex in organisms |
| 115 | Copulatory bursa(Bursa copulatrix): | Modified caudal ala or alae found in males of some nematodes ,may be circular or oval ,often divided into two symmetrical or asymmetrical lateral lobes, separated by a dorsal lobe and supported by rays or papillae(Anderson 1974) |
| 116 | Coracidium | Developmental stage in some Cestodes that is a ciliated hexacanth embryo; |
| 117 | Cord(Chord): | Dorsal,ventral or lateral longitudinal thickenings of the Hypodermis(Anderson 1974) |
| 118 | Cordon | In Nematodes,Longitudinal, cuticular cord-like thickening extending posteriorly from the mouth and may be straight,recurved or form loops,present mainly in the Spiruroid family Acuaridae(Anderson 1974),their Shape and Size is important in Taxonomy.They can be : |
| 119 | Core species | Species that are common and abundant,usually in a habitat or population |
| 120 | Corona Radiata | Or Leaf crown,Crown of bristles, |
| 121 | Corpus: | Anterior end of the oesophagus often separated from the posterior bulb by the isthmus(Anderson 1974) |
| 122 | COX1 | Cytochrome C Oxidase subunit 1 |
| 123 | Craspedote | In Cestodes ,when the posterior border of a proglottid overlaps the anterior border of adjoining proglottid; |
| 124 | Curvimeter | or Map measure; is used for measuring length of curve lines on topographical maps, plans and charts. It has metric (in centimeters)or inch dials.Dials are usually in different colors. |
| 125 | Cutaneous: | Pertaining or relating to the Skin |
| 126 | Cyclops | Small Crustaceans living in the sea and freshwater habitats. |
| 127 | Cystacanth: | Intermediate stage of acanthocephalans in arthropods |
| 128 | Cysticercoid | In Cestodes , a type of larval stage (Metacestode) ,a Lacunate form with a Retracted Scolex |
| 129 | Cysticercus | In Cestodes , a type of larval stage (Metacestode) ,a Lacunate form with an Invaginated Scolex |
| 130 | Cytostome: | The rudimentary mouth(Leventhal 1989) |
| 131 | Definitive(Final)Host: | A host that harbores sexually mature stages of a parasite |
| 132 | Deirids(Cervical papillae): | A pair of sensory organs found laterally in the cervical region and usually protruding above the surface of the cuticle(Anderson 1974)(e.g. Streptocara spp(Deirids have usually various number of teeth in this genus that is important in taxonomy)) |
| 133 | Dentiform: | With shape resembling Teeth |
| 134 | Deoxynucleoside triphosphate | dNTP,is used in PCR,provides free nucleotides(for DNA) in PCR test,that are the building blocks of new DNA strand |
| 135 | Dermatitis: | Inflammation of the skin |
| 136 | Diapause | A period of time in which Development and Activity is suspended or arrested and the body is Dormant |
| 137 | Didelphic: | With two sets of female reproductive organs(Anderson 1974)(e.g. Nematodes like : Synhimantus spp , Cosmocephalus spp) |
| 138 | Digestive Vacuole | Lysosomal-like organelle in Plasmodium parasites |
| 139 | Digitiform | Finger-like, |
| 140 | Dioecious | Having Two separate sexes,adults are either Male or Female |
| 141 | Diorchic: | With two testes(Anderson 1974) |
| 142 | Distilled Water | Its a water that almost all of its Impurities has been taken by the DW Machine by Distillation |
| 143 | Diurnal: | Occuring during the daytime |
| 144 | Diverticulum: | A tube or sac ,blind at distal end ,branching off from a canal or cavity(Anderson 1974) |
| 145 | DMSO | Please check under: Dimethyl sulfoxide |
| 146 | dNTP | Please check under: Deoxynucleoside triphosphate |
| 147 | Dolphin | A marine mammal,belongs to Order Cetaceans,Family Delphinidae,that includes about 17 genera and 4 species of them live in freshwater |
| 148 | Durcupan | An embedding agent |
| 149 | DW | Distilled Water,Please check under Distilled Water |
| 150 | Dysentery: | Bloody Diarrhea |
| 151 | Dyspnea: | Labored or difficult breathing(Noga 2000) |
| 152 | Ecdysis | Moulting;Shedding of the Exoskeleton ; |
| 153 | Ectoparasite: | A parasite living on the surface of a host (Rohde 2001) |
| 154 | Ectopic | Displaced, |
| 155 | Edema: | Unusual excess fluid in tissue,causing swelling(Leventhal 1989) |
| 156 | En face view: | |
| 157 | en masse | Together ; All together ; In one group or body |
| 158 | Endo parasite: | A parasite living inside a host(Rohde 2001) |
| 159 | Endogeny: | Way of replication that is used by some parasites like Toxoplasma gondii |
| 160 | Epaulets(Cordons) | Specialized ,ribbon-shaped ,paired bands of cuticle at anterior end(Anderson 1974) |
| 161 | Erosion: | A shallow or superficial loss of epithelium;shallower than an Ulcer(Noga 2000) |
| 162 | Et cetera | Abbr. etc. ;And other unspecified things of the same class; and so forth;and other things |
| 163 | ETS | External Transcribed Spacer,part of genome used for PCR |
| 164 | Eugenol | A colorless or yellowish aromatic liquid with spicy odor and taste, soluble in organic solvents, and extracted from clove oil; used in flavors, perfumes, medicines, and the manufacture of vanilla. |
| 165 | Euryhaline: | Capable of tolerating a wide range of salinity(Noga 2000) |
| 166 | Excretory Pore | Its location is one of the important characters in Morphological identification of Nematodes,Usually at the anterior part of the body e.g. At the level of Oesophagus end, in Dichelyne(Cucullanellus)(Nematoda:Cucullanidae)) |
| 167 | Exophthalmos: | Abnormal protrusion of the eye(Noga 2000),its a sign of some diseases |
| 168 | Externo-labial papillae: | Median circle of six head papillae(dorso-dorsal,ventro-ventral,ventro-lateral) (Anderson 1974) |
| 169 | Facultative: | Not obligatory(Noga 2000) |
| 170 | Falcon: | A female hawk(Coles 2007) |
| 171 | Filariform: | Resembling filariae; threadlike;Used for a kind of esophagus of nematodes too |
| 172 | Final(=definitive)Host: | A host that harbores sexually mature stages of a parasite |
| 173 | Fissiped | Having the toes separated from one another, as in the feet of certain carnivorous mammals. |
| 174 | Formalin | Formaldehyde solution, Fixing agent ,usually the 10 percent solution is used in Biology Commercially available formalin solution is usually a 37 % or 40 % (weight / volume) solution. Its better to take this full strength solution to the field to reduce volume and to dilute it before use; For diluting the full strength solution is [...] |
| 175 | Fraternoid | For Cestodes Hooks , Hook Handle longer than Gaurd and Blade , Gaurd as long or longer than Blade , thicker than Blade ( Khalil, L.F. et al. , 1994) |
| 176 | Fusiform | Type of shape , Vertically elongate , longer than the width,that tapers toward each End e.g. in Polymorphus spp (Acanthocephala) Body is Fusiform |
| 177 | G-spot | Grafenberg spot,the word was invented by Addiego et al. in 1981 after the german Gynecologist Ernst Grafenberg who hypothesized its existence in a paper published in 1950 |
| 178 | Gamete: | A mature sex cell(Leventhal 1989) |
| 179 | Gangrene: | Death of Tissue(Noga 2000) |
| 180 | Gene cloning | Making copies of a single Gene |
| 181 | Genital papillae: | Tactile papillae or setae in the anal region of the male which may be preanal,postanal or caudal in position(Anderson 1974) |
| 182 | Glycerin | In Parasitology,A good Temporary Mounting Medium, |
| 183 | Glycocalyx | In Cestodes,it exist on the tip of microtriches ,composed of mucopolysaccharide and glycoprotein acidic groups,has absorptive roles |
| 184 | Graminivorous: | Grass and cereal eating (Coles 2007) |
| 185 | Granivorous: | Feeding on grain and seeds (Coles 2007) |
| 186 | Gubernaculum: | An accessory male copulatory piece which is formed by sclerotization of the dorsal wall of the spicule pouch,variable in shape but generally with incurved margins(Anderson 1974)(Y-shaped in Dichelyne(Cucullanellus)sciaenidicola,Cucullanus orbignianus(Nematoda:Cucullanidae))(Timi 2006) |
| 187 | Haematophagous | Feeder on blood |
| 188 | Haematophagy | Habit of feeding blood as the way of nutrition |
| 189 | Haemocoel | The Space among the Organs of Organisms with open circulatory systems,it contains different types of cells and also Haemolymph |
| 190 | Haplotype | A set of alleles of closely linked loci on a chromosome that tend to be inherited together; commonly used in reference to the linked genes of the major histocompatibility complex. |
| 191 | Haptor: | Posterior disk of a monogenetic trematode |
| 192 | Head papillae: | Tactile sensory organs usally located on the lips or labial region,including two circles of six labial papillae and one circle of four cephalic papillae(Anderson 1974)Cephalic papillae,Externo-labial papillae,Interno-labial papillae |
| 193 | Herbivorous: | An animal that usually eat plants as food |
| 194 | Hermaphrodite: | Existence of both male and female reproductive organs in the same individual(e.g. Trematodes,Cestodes) |
| 195 | Heterologous: | Derived from a different species(Kassai 1999) |
| 196 | Heteroxenous | For Parasites ,Having more than one Obligatory host in the life cycle |
| 197 | Hexacanth Embryo: | A tapeworm larva having six hooklets(Leventhal 1989) |
| 198 | Holarctic | Of, relating to, or being the zoogeographic region that includes the northern areas of the earth and is divided into Nearctic and Palearctic regions;including North america,Europe and Northern Asia |
| 199 | Holopneustic | Having all the spiracles open,like lots of insects |
| 200 | Holoptic | The condition in which there is a narrow gap between the eyes;typical of male Diptera (Wall & Shearer 1997) |
| 201 | Holotrichous: | Cilia distributed evenly over the body;usually used for Protozoa |
| 202 | Holotype: | The single specimen (except in the case of a hapantotype, q.v.) designated or otherwise fixed as the name-bearing type of a nominal species or subspecies when the nominal taxon is established(ICZN) |
| 203 | Hominis: | Related to Man or Human |
| 204 | Homologous: | Derived from the same species(Kassai 1999) |
| 205 | Hyperparasite | A parasite living on or in another parasite, Parasite of parasite ; |
| 206 | Hyperplasia: | Abnormal increase in the number of normal cells in normal arrangement in an organ or tissue,which increases the organs or the tissues volume(Noga 2000) |
| 207 | Hypertrophy: | Enlargement of an organ or its part caused by an increase in the size of its cells(Noga 2000) |
| 208 | Hyphema: | Hemorrhage in the anterior chamber of the eye(Noga 2000) |
| 209 | Hypoxia: | Deficiency of oxygen,such as reduction of oxygen in tissues below physiologically required levels(Noga 2000) |
| 210 | Idiopathic: | Occurring without known cause(Noga 2000) |
| 211 | Impact Factor: | The impact factor is a measure of the frequency with which an average article in a journal has been cited in a particular year or period. The ISI impact factor of a journal for a particular year is calculated by dividing the number of current year citations in ISI SCIE journals to the source items [...] |
| 212 | In toto: | Entirely;Totally(Noga 2000) |
| 213 | In Utero: | In Uterus,Inside the Womb |
| 214 | In vitro: | Observable in a test tube or other non-living system(Leventhal 1989) |
| 215 | In vivo: | Within the living body(Leventhal 1989) |
| 216 | Infrapopulation: | All individuals of a particular parasite species occurring in an individual host(Kassai 1999) |
| 217 | Inquirenda: | Species inquirenda(pl. species inquirendae): A Latin term meaning a species of doubtful identity needing further investigation (ref: ICZN) |
| 218 | Insectivorous | Using insects as food for nutrition e.g. Meerkat |
| 219 | Intensity | Intensity of infection: Numbers of worms of each species per host |
| 220 | Interlabia | (Pleural of Interlabium)Cuticular outgrowths (neoformations)originating at the base of the lips or pseudolabia and extending between them, occurring in some Ascarids and Spirurids(Anderson 1974) |
| 221 | Internal Transcribed Spacer | ITS,part of genome used for PCR,its a commonly sequenced DNA region in helminths like Nematodes.It has two important types: ITS1 and ITS 2 |
| 222 | Interno-labial papillae: | Inner circle of six head papillae(Anderson 1974) |
| 223 | Intestinal Caecum | An appendage of distal portion of the oesophagus of some nematodes that goes anteriorly and has varying length |
| 224 | Intestinum crassum | Large intestine |
| 225 | Intestinum tenue | Small intestine |
| 226 | Invaginable | Capable of being rolled in; |
| 227 | Isopoda | An Order in the Phylum Arthropoda, Subphylum Crustacea,Isopodes have 7 pairs of legs of similar size and form,they have biphasic moulting |
| 228 | Isoptera | Order of Insects, |
| 229 | Isthmus: | Middle part of a muscular oesophagus ,often constricted(Anderson 1974) |
| 230 | ITS | Please check under: Internal Transcribed Spacer |
| 231 | Kleptoparasitism: | or cleptoparasitism (literally, parasitism by theft) is a form of feeding where one animal takes prey from another that has caught, killed, or otherwise prepared, including stored food (as in the case of cuckoo bees, which lay their eggs on the pollen masses made by other bees). Kleptoparasitism is also the ’stealing’ of nest material [...] |
| 232 | Labia: | Lobes or lips (primitively six)which surround the Mouth(Anderson 1974) |
| 233 | Labial Denticulation(Denticles): | Present in Phocascaris (for differentiation:but doesnt exist in Contracaecum) |
| 234 | Lacunar system | In Parasites , Exist in Acanthocephalans |
| 235 | Latent parasitism: | Parasitism without obvious symptoms |
| 236 | Latent: | Dormant or Concealed(Noga 2000) |
| 237 | Leaf crown | =Corona Radiata,Please check under Corona radiata |
| 238 | Leech | Phylum: Annelida , Class: Hirudinea .Sometimes parasitic ,segmented worms with direct life cycle,several groups of them are blood sucking.Some of them can transmit Trypanosomes in Fishes. |
| 239 | Lycophore | In Cestodes,Early stage of development of some of them , with 10 embryonic hooks, ciliated and thus adapted for swimming after emergence from the egg |
| 240 | Mayer’s acid carmine | Used for staining the Acanthocephalans |
| 241 | Mehlis gland | Part of Female reproductive system |
| 242 | Merocercoid | In Cestodes , a type of larval stage (Metacestode) , an alacunate form with an Invaginated Scolex |
| 243 | Mesal | =Mesial ; Of, in, near, or toward the middle |
| 244 | Metacercaria | Second stage of Digenetic Trematodes after Cercaria, they are usually found in Fishes |
| 245 | Metascolex | In Cestodes , The posterior portion of a divided Scolex . Consists of folds of tissue generally encircling or hiding the Suckers . |
| 246 | Microthrix | (Pleural: Microtriches)Tiny projections on the tegument,they are unique to Cestodes and appear to be Ubiquitous among cestodes and exist on the Adult forms and earlier life cycle stages. |
| 247 | Millipedes | Arthropodes (Phylum: Arthropoda, Class: Diplopoda) ; |
| 248 | Miracidium | Free-swimming larva of Digenetic Trematodes ,its Ciliated |
| 249 | Monodelphic: | With one set of female reproductive organs(Anderson 1974)(e.g. Desportesius spp) |
| 250 | Monoecious | Having both Male and Female Reproductive organs in the same Individual |
| 251 | Monogenea | A Class of Parasites, |
| 252 | Monopleuroid | In Cestodes,type of Body Plan, |
| 253 | Monorchic: | With one testes(Anderson 1974) |
| 254 | Monoxenous | For parasites , Living in only one kind of Host in life cycle ; Having only one Host in the life cycle |
| 255 | Monozoic | In Cestodes,for type of Body e.g. Amphilina ,parasitic in Body cavity of Sturgeons |
| 256 | Moribund: | In a dying state(Noga 2000) |
| 257 | Mouth | The anterior opening of body and the first part of Digestive system |
| 258 | mtDNA | Mitochondrial DNA |
| 259 | Nape | Back of the neck |
| 260 | Nearctic | Of or designating the biogeographic region that includes the Arctic and Temperate areas of North America and Greenland |
| 261 | Nematodes: | Roundworms;Cylindrical unsegmented body worms with separate sexes and a complete digestice system |
| 262 | Nerve Ring | Concentration of nervous tissue surrounding the Oesophagus(Mutafchiev 2009) |
| 263 | Niche | Position of an organism or population within an ecological community. |
| 264 | NTP | Please check under: Nucleoside triphosphate |
| 265 | Nucleoside triphosphate | NTP,is used in PCR,provides free nucleotides(for RNA) in PCR test |
| 266 | Obligate intracellular prasite: | e.g. Toxoplasma gondii |
| 267 | Obligatory parasite: | A parasite that can not live apart from its host(Leventhal 1989) |
| 268 | Oesophago-intestinal valve(Cardia): | Situated at opening between the oesophagus and intestine(Anderson 1974) |
| 269 | Oesophago-intestinal valve(Cardia): | Situated at opening between the oesophagus and intestine(Anderson 1974) |
| 270 | Oesophagus | Esophagus;Part of the gastrointestinal system that connects the mouth or buccal cavity to intestine. |
| 271 | Oesophastome(Pseudobuccal capsule): | At the anterior end of the body(e.g. Cucullanus spp nematodes)(Moravec 1994) |
| 272 | Oligohaline: | Refers to slightly brackish water(between ~0.5 to 5 ppt salinity)(Noga 2000) |
| 273 | Ommatidium: | A single element of the Compound Eye(Wall 1997) |
| 274 | Onchosphere | The motile ,first-stage larva of certain cestodes armed with six hooklets(Leventhal 1989) |
| 275 | Oncomiracidium | Infective larva of Monogeneans , |
| 276 | Oocapt | =Ovicapt ; Please check under Ovicapt |
| 277 | Ootype | An expansion of the oviduct surrounded by Mehlis` gland ,where egg shells are formed. |
| 278 | Operculum: | The bony covering of the gill(Noga 2000) |
| 279 | Opisthodelphic | Uteri parallel directed posteriod(Anderson 1974) |
| 280 | Orthoptera | An Order of Insects with incomplete Metamorphosis , |
| 281 | Ovary | Main reproductive organ in Female sex,that is connected to a uterus |
| 282 | Ovejector(Ovijector): | Part of the female genital system between the end of the uterus and the vulva,modified to aid in the expulsion of the eggs(Anderson 1974) |
| 283 | Ovicapt | =Oocapt ; It seems it prevents the Immature oocytes from passing into the Oviduct and allows through only mature oocytes. |
| 284 | Ovicide: | A substance destructive to the ova of certain organisms, usually helminths and arthropods |
| 285 | Oviparous: | An organism that lays eggs(Woo 2006) |
| 286 | Ovipositor | The organ used for laying eggs(Wall 1997) |
| 287 | Ovum | (Pleural : Ova) Mature gamete in Female that isnt Fertilized yet |
| 288 | Oxyuroid(Bulboid)oesophagus: | Cylindrical anteriorly oesophagus, terminating in a basal bulb(Anderson 1974) |
| 289 | Palaearctic | Of or relating to the biogeographic region that includes Europe, the northwest coast of Africa, and Asia north of the Himalaya Mountains, especially with respect to distribution of animals;compare Nearctic |
| 290 | Palps(si. Palp): | Paired segmented organs associated with the Maxilla (Maxillary Palps)and Labium(Labial Palps)(Wall 1997) |
| 291 | Papillae | Swellings in different shapes |
| 292 | Paratenic Host: | A transport host in which the larval stage of a parasite undergoes no development and its only function is to transfer the parasite to the next host(Woo 2006) |
| 293 | Paratype: | Each specimen of a type series other than the holotype(ICZN) |
| 294 | Parthenogenesis: | Development from an unfertilized egg(Wall 1997) |
| 295 | Paruterine organ | A fibrous or granular appendage to the uterus that usually receives the eggs and retain them in a common capsule with protective and(or) propagative functions |
| 296 | Pathogenicity: | The ability to produce pathogenic changes(Leventhal 1989) |
| 297 | Pathognomonic: | Specifically distinctive or characteristic of a disease or pathogenic condition(Noga 2000) |
| 298 | Pb | Abbreviation for Latin word: Plumbum. Lead |
| 299 | PBS(Phosphate Buffer Saline): | Its main function is to maintain the PH of a solution(Himanshu Goel),used in the first step of DNA extraction for washing the nematodes for instance |
| 300 | PCR | Please Check Under: Polymerase Chain Reaction |
| 301 | Pedicellate | Having pedicel.Pedicel is a stalk like support |
| 302 | Pedunculated papillae: | Modified ,stalked ,genital papillae in anal region of male(Anderson 1974) |
| 303 | Pelagic | Of, relating to, or living in open oceans or seas rather than waters adjacent to land or inland waters |
| 304 | Penis | (Pleural: Penises ,Penes)External sexual organ of certain Male organisms that is used for Copulation and Urination both or only for Copulation |
| 305 | Per annum | By the year;Annually |
| 306 | Per anum | Through or by way of the anus,e.g. for administration of medications |
| 307 | Per capita | Per person; Equally to each individual |
| 308 | Per diem | Per day; By the day; For each day |
| 309 | per os | (Abbreviation : P.O.)By Mouth,by the way of Mouth |
| 310 | Peracute: | Very acute(Noga 2000) |
| 311 | Periodic Acid-Schiff (PAS) | Used for Staining of Schistosomes worms |
| 312 | Peritonitis: | Inflammation of the peritoneum(Noga 2000) |
| 313 | Petechia: | A minute red spot caused by escape of a small amount of blood(Noga 2000) |
| 314 | PH(Potential of hydrogen): | A measure of (an index for) the acidity or alkalinity of a solution,commonly ir ranges from 0 to 14 |
| 315 | Pharynx: | Narrow ,posterior part of the buccal cavity with thick sclerotized walls(Anderson 1974) |
| 316 | Phasmids: | Pair of glandular sensory organs situated laterally in the caudal region and opening to the surface by a slit or pore(Anderson 1974) |
| 317 | Phoresis(Phoresy): | An association in which one organism uses another as a means of transport and/or protection(Rohde 2001) |
| 318 | Pinnipeds: | Fin-footed mammals including Walrus , Eared seals ,Fur seals ,Seal lions ,Earless seals (true seals or crawling seals which one of them exists in Caspian sea,called Caspian seal ,Pusa caspica) |
| 319 | Piscivorous: | Having the habit for eating fish as usual food,Fish eating animal,Usually for Birds |
| 320 | Plaques: | Cuticular “warts” (Anderson 1974) |
| 321 | Platymyarian: | Body musculature consisting of cells not protruding individually into Pseudocoelom(Anderson 1974) |
| 322 | Plectanes: | Cross striated cuticular plates functioning as supports for the genital papillae in some males(Anderson 1974) |
| 323 | Plerocercoid | In Cestodes,a type of larval stage (Metacestode),an alacunate form with an Everted Scolex (Chervy ,2002) |
| 324 | Plerocercus | In Cestodes,a type of larval stage (Metacestode),an alacunate form with a Retracted Scolex (Chervy ,2002) |
| 325 | Plumbum | Latin word for Lead.Abbreviation is: Pb |
| 326 | Polydelphic: | With more than two sets of female reproductive organs(Anderson 1974) |
| 327 | Polymerase Chain Reaction | Its a standard procedure that can amplify a small amount of template DNA (or RNA) into large quantities in a few hours. |
| 328 | Polyzoic | In Cestodes,condition of body in which the body is formed of Two or more Proglottids |
| 329 | Postmortem: | After death(Noga 2000) |
| 330 | Preanal sucker: | Ventral,pre-cloacal structure ,sucker-like in form (Anderson 1974) |
| 331 | Precloacal Sucker | Sucker anterior to Cloac |
| 332 | Predilection Site: | Preferred site within the host which is characteristic for a parasite species (e.g. particular groups of skeletal musculature for larvae of Trichinella)(Kassai 1999) |
| 333 | Prepatent: | Period before being evident(Noga 2000) |
| 334 | Prevalence | Number of infected animals divided by the number of all animals examined for parasites |
| 335 | Proboscis bulb | In Acanthocephalans, swelling on the proboscis of some Genera |
| 336 | Proboscis: | Elongated, Flexible organ in Acanthocepales/ |
| 337 | Procercoid | In Cestodes,a type of larval stage (Metacestode),an alacunate form which can not develop further untill ingested by a second intermediate host,its without scolex ,usually caudate (Chervy ,2002) |
| 338 | Procercoid: | The first larval stage of many Cestodes which develop inside the body cavity of the invertebrate (First)intermediate host(Woo 2006) |
| 339 | Prodelphic | Uteri parallel directed anteriod(Anderson 1974) |
| 340 | Proglottis | (Pleural: Proglottids)Each of the bead-like parts of cestodes body resembling each other |
| 341 | Proglottization | (Syn. Strobilation)The process of proglottis formation in Cestodes |
| 342 | Pronotal comb: | Conspicuous spines seen on the pronotum of some fleas |
| 343 | Protandry | Development of Male organe before Female organs, for avoiding Self- fertilization |
| 344 | Proteinase K | (also Protease K)Its an enzyme that digests protein and removes contamination from preparations of Nucleic acid, used for DNA extraction, it was discovered in 1974, its able to digest native Keratin(hair), so the name Proteinase K |
| 345 | Protonephridia | Ciliated excretory tubes that are specialized for Filtration and are part of Excretory system |
| 346 | Protostom: | Second part of the stoma of a rhabditid-like nematode(Anderson 1974) |
| 347 | Protuberance | Some froms of projections on the cuticle,with unknown function,sometimes referred as Excrescences. |
| 348 | Pruritus: | Intense itching |
| 349 | Pseudo- | A Prefix, False or Not a real Structure but somewhat similar to it |
| 350 | Pseudobalb: | Muscular swelling of the oesophagus without valvular arrangement(Anderson 1974) |
| 351 | Pseudobuccal capsule(Oesophastome): | An structure at the anterior end of the body(e.g. Cucullanus spp,Dichelyne spp(Nematoda:Cucullanidae))(Moravec 1994) |
| 352 | Pseudocoelum | -In Nematodes,Its the space posterior to the Nerve ring,between the somatic muscles and the digestive tract.This space is fluid-filled which coats the Digestive tract and the Reproductive organs are suspended in it. |
| 353 | Pseudocyst: | A cyst-like structure formed by the host during an acute infection with Toxoplasma gondii.The cyst is filled with Tachyzoites in normal hosts;may occur in Brain or other tissues.Latent source of infection which may become active if Immunosuppression occurs(Leventhal 1989) |
| 354 | Pseudogene | A defective segment of DNA that resembles a gene but cannot be transcribed. |
| 355 | Pseudolabia(Probolae) | Or False lips, |
| 356 | Pseudomyiasis | Deposition of Maggots- Fly larvae-on uncovered faeces immediately after they are passed; |
| 357 | Pseudopod: | A protoplasmic extension of Trophozoites of Amoebae that allows them to move and to engulf food(Leventhal 1989) |
| 358 | Pseudosegmentation | Type of external Segmentation that is False and does not correspond to Internal Segmentation |
| 359 | Pulicide: | An insecticide used for Flea control |
| 360 | Pygidium | In Cestodes, The first proglottid formed and last or oldest on the Strobila; |
| 361 | Pyriform | Type of Shape , Like a Pear |
| 362 | Pyriform apparatus | In Cestodes,in Anoplocephalids,modification of the Embryophore assuming the shape of a pear, probably with protective and propagative functions |
| 363 | Rays: | Genital papillae and their accompanying muscles embedded in the bursa of some males(Anderson 1974) |
| 364 | rDNA | Ribosomal DNA |
| 365 | Retracted | In Cestodes, for condition of scolex of Metacestode, |
| 366 | Rhabditoid(Rhabditiform)oesophagus: | Oesophagus consisting of two swellings,one forming the end of the corpus ,the other posteriorly forming the bulb.The region between the corpus and the bulb is known as the isthmus(Anderson 1974) |
| 367 | Ridges: | Raised cuticular areas which run the length of the body,very pronounced in some Trichostrongyloids nematodes (Anderson 1974) |
| 368 | Rookery | Colony of breeding animals(Birds, Mammals, Turtles); e.g. nesting place of Birds |
| 369 | Rosettes: | Punctuations patterns of cuticle surrounding genital papillae (Anderson 1974) |
| 370 | Rugae | (Pl.)Also referred to as Transverse ridges, have the appearance of wrinkled folds of Cuticle or raised annulations ,interrupted in the lateral fields and form incomplete rings around the body |
| 371 | Saefftigen’s pouch | An elongated pouch inside the genital sheath in many acanthocephalans |
| 372 | Sanguiniferous: | Blood feeders(Woo 2006) |
| 373 | Saprophagous: | Feeding on decaying organisms(Wall 1997) |
| 374 | Scape: | The first segment of the Antenna of Insects(Wall 1997) |
| 375 | Scolex | In Cestodes ,The anterior end that is often modified for attachment or locomotion.It has a Rostellum at the apex that can have variable shapes with or without hooks. |
| 376 | Scutum: | The sclerotized plate on the dorsal surface of Ixodid hard Ticks,also known as the Dorsal plate(Wall 1997) |
| 377 | Sedentary | Ornithology, Remaining or Living in one area, Not migratory |
| 378 | SEM | Scanning Electron Microscopy;A method used in helminthology,specially for studing Nematodes |
| 379 | Semichon’s carmine | Its a good general Stain, used for Staining the Cestodes |
| 380 | Seminal receptacle | =Receptaculum seminis,Storage reservoir for spermatozoa in Female worms |
| 381 | Seminal vesicle | An organ that stores sperm |
| 382 | Sensu lato(s.lat. or s.l.): | A Latin term meaning “in the wide sense”(ref: ICZN) |
| 383 | Sensu strictu(s. str. or s.s.): | A Latin term meaning “in the strict sense”. Often used in conjunction with a name when referring to the nominal taxon in the narrow sense of its subordinate nominotypical taxon(ref: ICZN) |
| 384 | Sensu: | A Latin term meaning “in the sense of”. Often used to refer to the usage of a name by a (cited) author in a sense different from that of the original author or some other previous author(ref: ICZN) |
| 385 | Sessile | Without any Stalk,Attached directly at the base, |
| 386 | Simuliidae: | A family of Nematocerous Diptera ,including the genus Simulium,known as Blackflies(Wall 1997) |
| 387 | Single-Nucleotide Polymorphism | Single-Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP, pronounced snip) is a DNA sequnce variation occurring when a single nucleotide —A, T,C or G — in the genome (or other shared sequence) differs between members of a species (or between paired chromosomes in an individual). |
| 388 | Skryabinoid | For Cestodes Hooks,Hook Handle and Blade well developed ,one shorter or longer than the other |
| 389 | SNP | Please check under: Single-Nucleotide Polymorphism |
| 390 | Sparganosis: | Pleurocercoid in human tissue from accidental infection with Procercoid(Leventhal 1989) |
| 391 | Sparganum | A Plerocercoid whose identity is Unknown |
| 392 | Spatulate | Anything like a Spatula,means Flat , Expanded and Round apex |
| 393 | Species inquirenda | (Pl. Species inquirendae)A latin term meaning a species of doubtful identity needing further investigation (ICZN) |
| 394 | Sperm whales | Sperm whale family (sperm whales)belonging to Class Mammalia including two Families of Physeteridae (Physeter : Sperm whale) and Kogidae ( Koga sima : Dwarf sperm whale , Koga breviceps : Pygmy sperm whale) |
| 395 | Spermatophore | Packet of Sperm that is usually transferred from one individual to another during Copulation |
| 396 | Spicule: | Sclerotized ,accessory copulatory organ of male nematodes ,usually paired but sometimes single(Anderson 1974)although some nematodes spp male sex doesn’t have any spicule(eg. Trichinella spp) |
| 397 | Spines | Projections on the cuticle with various Forms , Sizes , Rows(one,two or numerous) , Numbers, Locations |
| 398 | Sporogony | A phase in the development of an Apicomplexa in which the zygote initiates asexual reproduction and results in production of infective Sporozoites(Woo 2006) |
| 399 | Sporozoite: | A nucleated infective stage formed by division of the Sporont(Woo 2006) |
| 400 | Spurr medium | Embedding medium used for embedding the tissues before Sectioning for TEM studies.A low-viscosity epoxy resin embedding medium for electron microscopy. |
| 401 | Squamata | Scaled reptiles ; An order of Class Reptilia ,including Snakes and Lizards |
| 402 | Stenohaline: | Unable to withstand a wide variation in salinity(Noga 2000) |
| 403 | Stereomicroscope | Also called Dissecting microscope, |
| 404 | Stichocyte: | Glandular oesophageal cell not incorporated into oesophageal tissue(Anderson 1974),in nematodes(exist in Trichinella spp) |
| 405 | Stichosome: | Collection of stichocytes arranged in a longitudinal row(Anderson 1974)in nematodes |
| 406 | Striations | Fine transverse grooves occuring at regular intervals(Anderson 1974) |
| 407 | Strobila | In Cestodes, The region of the worm posterior to the scolex ,or the body of the worm, that includes the proglottids |
| 408 | Strobilation | (Syn. Proglottization)The process of proglottis formation in Cestodes |
| 409 | Strongyloid (Filariform)oesophagus: | Slender ,cylindrical ,without bulb oesophagus(Anderson 1974) |
| 410 | Subspecies(sing. and pl.): | (1) The species-group rank below species; the lowest rank at which names are regulated by the Code. (2) A taxon at the rank of subspecies(ref: ICZN) |
| 411 | Supplements: | In Male,ventromedian papillae anterior to Cloaca, as well as an adanal pair of Papillae in some Nematodes(Anderson 1974) |
| 412 | Symbiosis(Sensu lato): | Any association between organisms(Parasitism,Commensalism,Mutualism,Phoresis) (Rohde 2001) |
| 413 | Symbiosis(Sensu strictu): | An association of organisms in which both partners benefit from the association and cannot live without each other(Rohde 2001) |
| 414 | Sympatric | Of populations of two or more species ,whose geographical ranges or distributions coincide or overlap |
| 415 | Syncytial | Type of tissue having Syncytium structure |
| 416 | Syncytium | Cellular structure formed by fusion of cell bodies but with retention of separate nuclei; so there are many nuclei but no cells boundaries |
| 417 | Syngamy: | A method of reproduction in which two individuals (gametes) unite permanently and their nuclei fuse; sexual reproduction. A common form of reproduction in protozoa |
| 418 | Synlophe: | The ensemble of enlarged longitudinal or oblique cuticular ridges which serve to hold the Nematodes in place on the gut wall,found in numerous Trichostrongylids(Anderson 1974) |
| 419 | Synonym | In zoological nomenclature , synonyms are different scientific names that pertain to the same taxon , for example two names for the same species. |
| 420 | Syntype | Each specimen of a type series from which neither a holotype nor a lectotype has been designated. The syntypes collectively constitute the name-bearing type. (ICZN) |
| 421 | Tabanidae: | A family of Diptera,including the Horse flies,Deer flies and Keds(Wall 1997) |
| 422 | Tachyzoites: | Fast-growing life stages of Toxoplasma gondii,that are converted to Bradyzoites(e.g. under various stresses in vitro) |
| 423 | Tandem | Type of Arrangement , Tow or more objects or organs that are placed one behind the other |
| 424 | Taq polymerase | It is a thermostable DNA polymerase named after the thermophilic bacterium Thermus aquaticus from which it was originally isolated byThomas D. Brock in 1965.Its used in PCR. |
| 425 | Taxonomy: | The theory and practice of classifying organisms(ref: ICZN) |
| 426 | TBE | Please check under: Tris/borate/EDTA buffer. |
| 427 | Teeth: | Structures in Nematodes mouth(e.g. Ancylostoma spp),number of them is important in Taxonomy/Structures resembling to teeth in shape for instance on the Collarettes(e.g. in Streptocara spp)or on the Deirids(e.g. in Streptocara spp) |
| 428 | Tegument(Integument): | The absorptive body surface of Platyhelminths(Leventhal 1989) |
| 429 | Telamon: | Slightly sclerotized ,immovable formation of complicated shape in the ventral and lateral cloacal walls that also aid in directing the spicules during copulation (Anderson 1974) |
| 430 | Teleosts | Higher bony Fishes |
| 431 | Telostom: | Posterior part of the stoma of a rhabditid-like nematode(Anderson 1974) |
| 432 | TEM | Transmission Electron Microscopy ;A method used in helminthology, specially for studing Cestodes |
| 433 | Terpineol | It is a naturally occurring Monoterpene alcohol that has been isolated from a variety of sources such as Cajupurt oil, Pine oil and Petitgrain oil. |
| 434 | Testis | (Pleural : Testes)Main reproductive organ in Male sex |
| 435 | Theront: | The infective stage of certain parasitic protozoa(e.g. Ichthyophthirius)(Noga 2000) |
| 436 | Tholate | Dome-like, |
| 437 | Tomont: | The dividing stage of certain parasitic protozoa(e.g. Ichthyophthirius)(Noga 2000) |
| 438 | Topotype: | A term, not regulated by the Code, for a specimen originating from the type locality of the species or subspecies to which it is thought to belong, whether or not the specimen is part of the type series(ref: ICZN) |
| 439 | Transport host: | A host that harbors sexually immature stages of a parasite that do not develop ;Vector,Often a blood-sucking insect(Leventhal 1989) |
| 440 | Trapezoid | A Quadrilateral shape with Two sides parallel |
| 441 | Trematodes: | Flukes;Flattened ,nonsegmented worms with relatively simple digestive system , all hermaphroditic except the blood flukes(Schistosomatidae) |
| 442 | Trichuroid oesophagus: | Narrow muscular tube with associated glandular stichosome made up of stichocytes(Anderson 1974) |
| 443 | Trident | Sclerotized denticles behind the buccal capsule in certain Nematodes |
| 444 | Tris | One of the most common buffers used in Biochemistry and Biology labs. |
| 445 | Trophont: | The attached ,fish-feeding stage of certain parasitic protozoa (e.g. Ichthyophthirius, Amyloodinium)(Noga 2000) |
| 446 | Trophososme: | Reserve organ formed by the transformation of the Digestive canal,often appears to be Syncytial(Anderson 1974) |
| 447 | Trophozoite: | The motile stage of a protozoan which feeds,multiplies ,and maintains the colony within the host(Leventhal 1989) |
| 448 | Trypanoplasma | A genus of flagellate protozoa (Zoomastigophorea,Kinetoplastida,Family: Cryptobiidae)with an undulating membrane,elongate kinetoplast that occurs as a parasite in the blood of Fishes and leeches act as vectors of some of the species,species including: T. borreli ,T. beckeri (vector:leech, Malmiana diminuta),T. bullocki (vector: leech, Calliobdella vivida), |
| 449 | Type species | The species that best exemplifies the essential characteristics of the genus to which it belongs |
| 450 | Unequal: | Different in size(e.g. Spicules are usually unequal in Desportesius spp nematodes),level,amount,etc(Cambridge Dictionary) |
| 451 | Uniramous | A single series of segments ,attached end-to-end |
| 452 | Univoltine: | Producing only one generation per year,e.g. Cephalopina titillator (Camel nasal botfly) is univoltine in Asian localities in Camels(Camelus dromedarius) |
| 453 | Uteri | Pleural of uterus;More than one uterus |
| 454 | Uterine capsule | In Cestodes ,envelope surrounding single egg and situated externally to outer shell or aggregation of eggs and its origin is from uterine wall, either in gravid uterus or in environment |
| 455 | Uterus | The Organ in Reproductive system of Female sex that keeps the Zygote and matures the Ova and eggs till full maturation.It has several shapes |
| 456 | Vagina | In Nematodes,Outer chamber of the Female genitalia,sometimes develops into an elongated muscular tube lined by cuticle and called the Vagina vera |
| 457 | Velum | In Cestodes ,Thin overlapping membrane-like portion of a Bothridia |
| 458 | Ventral Sucker | An structure that exist at posterior part of some Nematodes(e.g. Dichelyne spp(Ventral Precloacal Sucker),Cucullanus spp)(Alacros 2006) |
| 459 | Ventriculus(Ventricular appendage) | Glandular modification of the distal portion of the oesophagus of some nematodes,may have a solid appendage of varying length extending posteriorly dorsal to the intestine(Ventricular appendix)(Anderson 1974) |
| 460 | Vestibule: | Structure behind the mouth of some nematodes(e.g. Streptocara spp) |
| 461 | Vestige | A visible Trace ,Evidence or Sign of something that was existed before but now doesnt exist or appear |
| 462 | Vicariants | Two or more closely related taxa, presumably derived from one another or from a common immediate ancestor, that inhabit geographically distinct areas,for instance for two different Cestodes |
| 463 | Vitellaria: | Yolk glands(Woo 2006) |
| 464 | Viviparous: | Bearing of live young(Woo 2006) |
| 465 | Voucher specimen | Specimen giving proof for some statement/decision(Mutafchiev 2009)/a proof specimen retained as a reference |
| 466 | Vulva | Vaginal opening |
| 467 | Warble: | Swelling in skin caused by infection with larvae of Flies causing furuncular Myiasis(Wall 1997) |
| 468 | Wax layer: | The lipid or waxy layer outside the epicuticle of some Arthropods(Wall 1997) |
| 469 | Wireworms | Click beetles (Class: Insecta, Family: Elateridae) Larvae; |
| 470 | Xenodiagnosis: | Infections with Trypanosoma cruzi may be diagnosed by allowing an uninfected Triatoma bug to feed on the patient(the bite is painless),the insects feces are later examined for parasites(Trypanosome forms)(Leventhal 1989) |
| 471 | Yellow Grubs | Bumps or swellings that are usually seen on the body surface and are caused by some parasites |
| 472 | Zoonosis: | A disease on animals that may be communicated to Humans(Wall 1997) |
| 473 | Zooplankton: | Animal-like organisms which float or drift almost passively at sea or in other large water bodies(Woo 2006) |
| 474 | Zygote | The Fertilized cell(Diploid ) resulting from the union of male gamete(Spermatozoa) and female gamete(Ovum) |


